Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Romanian word ultim

Confidence
Established
Formation
Borrowing
First attested
1848 Negulici's dictionary of neologisms More words from the 19th century
Borrowed from
Latin ultimus
Ultimate origin
Latin ultimus
Etymology tree
inherited borrowed derived
Latin ultimus
Italian ultimo
Romanian ultim
Spanish último
From the same root
Latin ultimō ← ultimus
Latin ultimum ← ultimus
Italian ultimamente ← ultimo

Pronunciation

Forms

ultim m or n (feminine singular ultimă, masculine plural ultimi, feminine/neuter plural ultime)[1]

Etymology

It is a learned borrowing borrowed from Latin ultimus (“farthest, last”), with Italian ultimo beside it, the two sources DEX, DLR, MDA2 and MDN give.[2][3][4][5] DN gives the Latin word and compares French ultime and the Italian.[6] The Latin word is the superlative of ulter (“farther”), related to ultrā (“beyond”).[1][6][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

The DLR's first records are the neologism dictionaries of Negulici (1848) and Stamati (1851), which MDA2 gives as its first record.[3][4] Negulici glosses it cel mai din urmă “the very last”.[8] The DLR's first quotation in a text is from 1861: „dărâmarea... ultimelor frânture de drepturi” “the demolition of the last scraps of rights”.[3]

Semantic evolution

The word took its place beside the native cel din urmă “the last”, which the dictionaries use to define it.[2][9] It soon gained the figurative senses “extreme” and “decisive, final” and the sense “most recent”: ultima oră is a newspaper column with the latest news.[4][2][6] Set phrases include în ultimă instanță “in the last resort”, a avea ultimul cuvânt “to have the final say” and ultimele clipe “the last moments of life”.[4]

Barcianu in 1886 records ultima as a noun, “the last day of the month”, which MDA2 marks as old.[10][4]

Timeline

  • 1848 – in Negulici's dictionary of neologisms.[8][3]
  • 1851 – in Stamati's dictionary of technical and difficult words.[4]
  • 1861 – ultimelor in a newspaper text, the first quotation in the DLR.[3]
  • 1870 – Costinescu glosses it din urmă and French ultime.[9]
  • 1886 – the noun ultima “last day of the month” in Barcianu.[10]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. last, final: coming at the end of a series in space, time or rank: Ultimul tren pleacă la miezul nopții.[2][4]
  2. Most recent, latest: ultimele știri;[11] ultima oră “late news”.[4][11][2]
  3. (figurative) Extreme; decisive, definitive: ultimul preț “final price”.[4][11]
  4. The worst, the lowest.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1167
  3. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. ultim
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1362
  5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. ultim
  6. ^ a b c Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. ultim
  7. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, p. 110
  8. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. ultim
  9. ^ a b Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 655
  10. ^ a b Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 670
  11. ^ a b c Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. ultim

Related etymologies

  • bun · also from Latin
  • unde · also from Latin
  • veni · also from Latin
  • noi · also from Latin
  • bine · also from Latin
  • un · also from Latin
  • și · also from Latin
  • sta · also from Latin
Cite this entry

“Ultim.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/ultim. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.

Last edited on . ·