turist

Forms

turist m (plural turiști, feminine equivalent turistă)^[1] Costinescu's dictionary of 1870 spells it turistŭ and explains it as an English or other traveller who makes a short, instructive trip.^[2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French touriste, with Italian turista as a second model, as DEX, the neologism dictionaries and the DILF give it.^{[3][4][5][6][1]} MDA2 and the DLR name French and German Tourist instead, and NODEX also gives the German word.^[7][8][9]

The French word was borrowed in 1803 from English tourist, recorded in 1780 and formed on tour “circular journey”, itself taken from Old French tour, a noun made from the verb tourner (“to turn”).^[10] Scriban gave the same English route in 1939.^[11] German has had the word since the 19th century, likewise from the English one.^[12] Italian first recorded it in 1837 as torista, from the English word.^[13][14]

Earliest recorded meaning

MDA2 and the DLR open their records with a passage by Russo, without a date: from a lit-up tower on the walls of a citadel, „turistul se bucură de o minunată panoramă” “the tourist enjoys a wonderful panorama”.^[7][8] The first dated record is Costinescu's dictionary of 1870, where a turistŭ is a traveller on a short, instructive journey.^[2]

Semantic evolution

In the 19th century the word still pointed to foreign, often English, travellers: Costinescu names the English traveller first, and a periodical of 1879 has a tourist crossing Lake Balaton by steamer.^[2][8] Șăineanu in 1929 defined the tourist as someone who travels for pleasure or for instruction.^[15] Today's dictionaries define the word through turism, tourism in its first sense.^[3][7] The DLR's quotations show it moving from the traveller of the classics to groups of Romanian and foreign tourists on river cruises in the 1960s.^[8]

Timeline

• 1870 – turistŭ in Costinescu's dictionary, the first dated record.^[2]
• 1875 – turistu in Antonescu's dictionary, glossed with French touriste.^[16]
• 1879 – a periodical quoted by the DLR: a tourist's steamer trip on Lake Balaton.^[8]
• 1886 – in Barcianu's dictionary.^[8]
• 1929 – Șăineanu: someone who travels for pleasure or instruction.^[15]
• 1965 – tourists on regular river cruises in a newspaper report.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. A tourist: a person who travels for pleasure, someone who practises turism: Turiștii au urcat la cetate.^[3][7][1]

Related words

• turism
• turistic
• tur

Usage notes

The feminine is turistă and the plurals are turiști and turiste.^[3][1]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 650
3. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1155
4. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. turist
5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual, p. s.v. turist
6. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. turist
7. ^ a b c d Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1304
8. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. turist
9. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. turist
10. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
11. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1358
12. ^ Kluge, Friedrich; Seebold, Elmar (2011), Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, 25th ed., Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter
13. ^ Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
14. ^ Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
15. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 673
16. ^ Antonescu, G. M. (1875), Dictionariu romanu-francesu, Bucuresci: Typografia Curții (Lucrători Associați), p. 321