tipar

Forms

tipar n (plural tipare)^[1] Old texts also write tipariu: the title of the Govora Pravila of 1640 says the book was printed „în tipariu” “in the press”.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Byzantine Greek τυπάριον (typárion), according to Ciorănescu, who follows Cihac and Murnu.^[4] MDA2 and the DLR give the Greek word as Modern Greek τυπάρι (typári) or the longer form, NODEX names both Greek and Slavonic, and Wiktionary also compares the Slavonic word.^{[4][3][5][6][1]} DEX 2009 has it directly as borrowed from Old Church Slavonic типарь (tiparĭ), the Slavonic word Ciorănescu compares after Conev.^[7][4][8] Scriban names both sources.^[9]

The Greek word is a diminutive of Ancient Greek τύπος (túpos, “blow, impression, figure”) and means “small figure, image” in Tzetzes.^[10][9] Șăineanu also traced the word to Byzantine Greek, where it meant “impression”.^[11]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin dates the first record to about 1521.^[2] The first Romanian printed record MDA2 cites is the Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582), where the deacon Șerban calls himself „meșterul mare a tiparelor” “the master of the presses”.^[3][5] In the 17th century the word meant above all the press and the printing house: a text of 1632 speaks of a man who was head „preste tipariu unde să tipăriia cărțile” “over the press where books were printed”.^[5]

Semantic evolution

The oldest senses are “printing press” and “printing house”: Varlaam's Carte românească de învățătură (1643) was printed „în tipariul domnesc” “in the princely press” at the Three Hierarchs monastery in Iași, and Miron Costin complained that writers were few and there was no press.^[5][2] The sense “printing house” is now marked as old.^[3] From the press the word passed to the craft and the act of printing, as in a da la tipar “to send to press”, bun de tipar “ready for press” and greșeli de tipar “misprints”.^[9][7] In the 19th century it could also mean the press, the papers: libertatea tiparului “freedom of the press”.^[11][9]

A second line of senses is “mould, pattern”: the Bucharest Bible of 1688 has the golden calf made „în tipariu” “in a mould” (Exodus 32:4), and later texts speak of moulds for bullets and type, the mason's template and the tailor's paper pattern.^[2][11] From this come “model, prototype” and, figuratively, “stereotype, cliché”.^[7][9] The sense “trace, imprint” appears in Ion Ghica, of horses' hooves leaving a print at each step in the mud.^[2] DEX now marks it as old.^[7]

The verb tipări “to print”, with tipăritură “printed matter” and întipări “to imprint”, was formed from it.^[4]

Timeline

• c. 1521 – the first record Tiktin cites.^[2]
• 1581–1582 – meșterul mare a tiparelor “the master of the presses” in the Palia de la Orăștie.^[3][5]
• 1632 – tipariu “printing house” in a text quoted by the DLR.^[5]
• 1640 – tipariu in the title of the Govora Pravila.^[2][5]
• 1643 – tipariul domnesc “the princely press” in Varlaam's Carte românească de învățătură.^[5]
• c. 1660 – tiparul as a gloss of Slavonic тѵпосъ in a Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[12]
• 1688 – tipariu “mould” in the Bucharest Bible (Exodus 32:4).^[2]
• 1812 – tipariu “printing, edition” in the title of an edition of Aesop.^[2][5]

Meanings

Noun

1. printing: the operations, technique and craft of printing a text, and the technical means used;^[7][3] tipar înalt “letterpress”, tipar adânc “intaglio printing”;^[7][3] a da la tipar “to send to press”, sub tipar “in the press, being printed”.^[7][3]
2. A mould, pattern or model after which objects are made or cast; a die for striking coins; formwork;^[7][9] (figurative) a stereotype, a set template.^[7][9]
3. (dated) A printing house.^[3][5]
4. (dated) A trace, an imprint left by pressure.^[7]

Word family

• tipări
• tipăreală
• tipăritură
• întipări
• retipări

Usage notes

Old texts write the word tipariu.^[2][3] It should not be confused with țipar “eel”, which some 19th-century dictionaries also spell tipar.^[13][14]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. tipar
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 1223
4. ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. tipar
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. tipar
6. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. tipar
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1126
8. ^ Miklosich, Franz (1862–1865), Lexicon palaeoslovenico-graeco-latinum emendatum auctum, Vindobonae: Braumüller, p. s.v. типарь
9. ^ a b c d e f g Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 1319
10. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. s.v. τυπάριον
11. ^ a b c Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 654
12. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. tiparul
13. ^ Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 2, 618
14. ^ Barcianu, Sava Popovici (1886), Dicționar român-germân și germân-român, revised by D. P. Barcianu, part I: român-germân, Sibiu: Institut tipografic, p. 666