spinare

Forms

spinare f (plural spinări)^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Late Latin spīnālis (“of the spine”), used as a noun.^{[2][3][4][5][6][1][7]} Gabinschi explains it as the adjective with its noun left out, and Șăineanu supplies the noun pars (“part”).^[8][9] The Latin adjective is formed from Latin spīna (“thorn; spine”) and the suffix -ālis.^[1]

The word survives in Aromanian as schinari.^[2][10][11] Tiktin compares Friulian spinal and Engadine spinel “back”.^[5][7] The neologism spinal is a doublet.^[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki of the early 16th century, already meaning “back”.^[3][6] Coresi's psalter of 1570 has spinare and spinarea.^[12]

Semantic evolution

The word means the back of a person or animal; in old and popular use the plural could stand for the singular.^[3][6] By transfer it came to mean the part of a garment covering the back, the ridge of a mountain or hill, and the crest of a wave.^[4][5] Scriban also gives the spine of a book.^[13]

Many phrases picture a burden on the back: a pune ceva în spinarea cuiva “to saddle someone with something, to blame someone”, a trăi pe spinarea cuiva “to live off someone”, and a cădea în spinarea cuiva “to fall to someone's charge”.^[5][4] Neculce writes of blane de spinări de soboli “furs of sable backs”.^[5]

Timeline

• c. 1500-1520 – the Psaltirea Hurmuzaki, the first record.^[3][6]
• 1570 – spinare and spinarea in Coresi's psalter.^[12]
• 1589 – the plural spinările in Coresi's psalter.^[14]
• c. 1660 – the Slavonic–Romanian lexicons.^[15]
• 1801 – Klein's dictionary glosses it with Latin spina dorsi.^[16]
• 1825 – the Lexicon de la Buda glosses it spina dorsi “backbone”.^[17]

Meanings

Noun

1. (anatomy) The back of a person or animal, along the spine from the shoulders to the waist.^[4][3][1]
2. The part of a garment that covers the back.^[4]
3. The highest part of a mountain, hill or rock, a long ridge; the crest of a wave.^[4][5]

Related words

• spinal
• spin
• Aromanian schinari

Usage notes

Set phrases: în spinare or de-a spinarea “on one's back”, a arunca ceva în spinarea cuiva “to blame someone for something”, and șira spinării “the spine”.^[4][18]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. spinare
3. ^ a b c d e Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 2, 954
4. ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 1040
5. ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. spinare
6. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. spinare
7. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 8151
8. ^ Gabinschi, Marcu (2001), Dicționar de dublete etimologice ale limbii române, 2nd ed., Chișinău: Litera, p. 162
9. ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 608
10. ^ Pascu, Giorge (1925), Dictionnaire étymologique macédoroumain, 2 vols. (I: Les éléments latins et romans; II: Les éléments grecs, turcs, slaves, albanais, germaniques, magyars, néologismes, créations immédiates, obscurs), Iași: Cultura Națională, p. 1, 153
11. ^ Cunia, Tiberius (2008), Dictsiunar a limbãljei armãneascã, Editsii Timpurarã (after T. Papahagi, Ș. Mihăileanu and I. Dalametra; online at dixionline.net), p. 909
12. ^ a b Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 17:44
13. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1229
14. ^ Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Ungureanu, Mădălina; Moruz, Alexandru et al., roPsalt: Re-evaluating the Sixteenth Century Romanian Psalters (aligned corpus), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. Ps 65:10
15. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. spinare
16. ^ Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study), p. 447
17. ^ Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 662
18. ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 4, 193