interzice

Forms

interzice (third-person singular present interzice, past participle interzis, third-person subjunctive interzică), 3rd conjugation^[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French interdire (“to forbid”), adapted to the native verb zice “to say”.^[2][3][4][5] MDA2 and the DN also name borrowed from Latin interdīcō (“to forbid”) as a source, and Wiktionary describes the verb as inter- + zice after both models.^[6][7][1] Graur lists it with the Latin compounds of dīcō (“to say”) that reached Romanian as neologisms.^[8]

The French verb was borrowed around 1250 from the Latin, adapted after dire;^[9] Old French also had a native form Old French entredire.^[9] The Latin verb is formed from inter- (“between”) and the simple verb meaning “to say”.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

The earliest record in these sources is in Negulici's dictionary of neologisms of 1848, under the long infinitive interzicere with the Latin interdicere beside it: “to stop someone from something”.^[11] MDA2's first record is a passage of Iorga's history of 18th-century literature (1901) about a family that asked the prince to forbid one of its members any sale of property.^[6][5]

Semantic evolution

Like French interdire, the verb was used in several technical senses: the suspension of a priest from his office and, in law, the removal of a person's right to manage his property.^[12][3] Hamangiu's civil code collection uses the participle interzis as a noun, “a person placed under interdiction”.^[5] Șăineanu also records the French sense “to disconcert, leave speechless”, which did not last.^[12]

The reflexive a-și interzice “to deny oneself, refrain from” appears in Iorga.^[5][6] The participle interzis is common as an adjective, “forbidden”, as in fructul interzis “the forbidden fruit” in Camil Petrescu.^[5]

Timeline

• 1848 – interzicere in Negulici's dictionary of neologisms.^[11]
• 1893 – Damé lists the verb, conjugated like zice.^[13]
• 1901 – the first record in MDA2, in Iorga's history of literature.^[6][5]
• 1929 – Șăineanu records the senses “suspend a priest”, “place under interdiction” and “disconcert”.^[12]

Meanings

Verb

1. (transitive) To forbid, prohibit: not to allow someone to do something, to order that something not be done: Medicul i-a interzis zahărul. “The doctor forbade him sugar.”^[2][6]
2. (reflexive) To deny oneself, to hold back an impulse or inclination.^[6][5]
3. (transitive, law) To deprive someone by a court ruling of the right to manage his property or person; to place under interdicție.^[6][5]
4. (transitive) To ban the making or sale of a product, or the publication of a newspaper or book.^[6][14]

Word family

• interzicere
• interzis

Related words

• zice
• interdicție
• French interdire

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 518
3. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. interzice
4. ^ Costăchescu, Adriana; Dincă, Daniela; Dragoste, Ramona; Popescu, Mihaela; Scurtu, Gabriela (2009–2010), Dicționar de împrumuturi lexicale din limba franceză (DILF), 2 vols., Craiova: Universitaria, p. s.v. interzice
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. interzice
6. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 1153
7. ^ Marcu, Florin; Maneca, Constant (1986), Dicționar de neologisme, 3rd ed., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, p. s.v. interzice
8. ^ Graur, Alexandru (1980), Cuvinte înrudite, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică
9. ^ a b Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
11. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București, p. s.v. interzicere
12. ^ a b c Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 336
13. ^ Damé, Frédéric (1893–1895), Nouveau dictionnaire roumain-français, 4 vols., Bucarest: Imprimerie de l'État, p. s.v. interzice
14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. interzice