dărui

Forms

dărui (third-person singular present dăruiește, past participle dăruit) 4th conjugation^[1] Beside the present dăruiesc there is a present dărui stressed on the first syllable.^[2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Old Church Slavonic даровати (darovati, “to give, present”), the verb of the Slavonic church texts, with its present дароуѭ (darujǫ).^{[3][4][5][2][1][6]} In the Old Church Slavonic texts it renders Ancient Greek χαρίζομαι (kharízomai) and δωρέομαι (dōréomai).^[7] It goes back to Proto-Slavic *darovati,^[8][1] formed on *darъ (“gift”) with the suffix *-ovati.^[1] Its cognates include Bulgarian дарувам (daruvam) and Serbo-Croatian darovati.^[8][9][4]

The noun dar “gift” is a separate borrowing, from даръ (darŭ).^[3][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR dates the first record to 1559–1560, in the Codicele Bratul.^[3] Tiktin cites the Codicele Voronețean of the 16th century, in a verse of the Acts of the Apostles (27:24).^[6] The sense was from the start “to give as a gift”, and Coresi's Gospel homilies use it of what God has given.^[5]

Semantic evolution

The old language built the verb with the person in the accusative and the gift after cu, “to present someone with something”, as well as with the dative of the person, as today.^[5][6] The 1581 Palia of Orăștie offers its books to the reader with it: „le dăruim voo, fraților rumâni” “we give them to you, Romanian brothers”.^[5] From “to give as a gift” the verb moved to “to endow” (God endows a person with gifts), to “to grant” (freedom, advice), and in the reflexive to “to devote oneself” to an idea or a cause.^[2][10] The derivative dăruire, recorded with the verb in 1559–1560, came to mean “devotion, self-sacrifice”.^[3]

Timeline

• 1559–1560 – dărui and dăruire in the Codicele Bratul.^[3]
• 1581 – dăruim “we give” in the Palia of Orăștie.^[5]
• 1648 – dăruitor “giver” in the New Testament of 1648.^[3]
• 1649 – dăruim and dăruit in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[11]
• 1671 – dăruință “donation”.^[3]
• 1688 – dăruit and other forms in the Bucharest Bible.^[12]
• 1709 – dăruială “gift” in a document.^[3]

Meanings

Verb

1. To give someone something as a gift; to present someone with something.^[2][10]
2. To endow someone with a quality or a gift.^[2]
3. To grant, to give: a dărui libertatea “to grant freedom”.^[2][10]
4. (also reflexive) To devote oneself to an idea or a cause.^[2][13]

Word family

• dăruire
• dăruitor
• dăruială
• dăruință

Related words

• dar
• darnic
• Old Church Slavonic даровати (darovati)

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 272
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. dar
4. ^ a b c Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001)
5. ^ a b c d e Academia Română (1965–2010), Dicționarul limbii române (DLR), serie nouă, tom I–XIX, București: Editura Academiei Române, p. s.v. dărui
6. ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. dărui
7. ^ Kurz, Josef; Hauptová, Zoe (eds.) (1958–1997), Slovník jazyka staroslověnského / Lexicon linguae palaeoslovenicae, 4 vols. + supplements, Praha: Academia; digital ed. gorazd.org
8. ^ a b Trubačev, Oleg N.; Žuravlev, Anatolij F.; Varbot, Žanna Ž. (eds.) (1974–2021), Ètimologičeskij slovar' slavjanskix jazykov: praslavjanskij leksičeskij fond, vols. 1–42, Moskva: Nauka, p. 4, 190
9. ^ Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. dărui
10. ^ a b c Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne
11. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
12. ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Luke 7:42
13. ^ Breban, Vasile (1980), Dicționar al limbii române contemporane de uz curent, București: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică