creștere

Forms

creștere f (plural creșteri)^[1]

Etymology

It is the long infinitive of crește, used as a noun: formed from Romanian crește + -re.^[2][3][4][1] The verb continues crēscō (“to grow”), a word kept across Romance.^[5][6] Ciorănescu lists the noun among the derivatives of the verb.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

Tiktin's first record is the Palia de la Orăștie of 1581–1582, where the month of September is when „se obârșaște creașterea poamelor”, “the growing of the fruit comes to an end” (Exodus 23:16).^[4] MDA2 lists the old variants creaștere and creștire.^[2] MDA2's own first record is Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon of 1649.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The noun names both senses of the verb: growing and increasing, and the raising of young plants, animals and children.^[4][3] The 1688 Bucharest Bible has the plural „Va da pământul creașterile lui”, “the land shall yield its increase” (Leviticus 25:19).^[4] Klein's dictionary of 1801 glosses it with Latin accrementum, incrementum and educatio,^[7] and the Lexicon de la Buda of 1825 separates the two senses: increase, and the bringing up of a child by those who feed and guide it.^[8] The sense “upbringing, good manners” gives om fără creștere “an ill-bred person” and bună-creștere “good breeding”.^[4][3]

In the 20th century CADE added a mathematical sense, the amount by which a variable grows,^[9] and the DLRLC records creșterea cadrelor, the training of party and professional cadres.^[10] Recent press compounds are creștere-record and creștere-șoc, for record and sudden rises in output and in exchange rates.^[11]

Timeline

• 1581–1582 – creașterea poamelor “the growing of the fruit” in the Palia de la Orăștie.^[4]
• 1649 – in Mardarie's Slavonic–Romanian lexicon.^[2]
• 1682 – crêștere glossing Slavonic растение “growth” in a Moscow lexicon.^[12]
• 1688 – creașterile “the increase (of the land)” in the Bucharest Bible.^[4]
• 1801 – Klein glosses it “increase” and “education”.^[7]
• 1825 – the Lexicon de la Buda gives the senses “growth” and “upbringing”.^[8]
• 1931 – CADE records the mathematical sense, the increase of a variable.^[9]

Meanings

Noun

1. growth, the gradual development and enlargement of a living being or a part of it: creșterea părului “the growth of the hair”.^[3][10]
2. An increase in number, volume, intensity or duration: creșterea prețurilor “the rise in prices”, creștere economică “economic growth”.^[3][2][11]
3. The breeding and rearing of animals: creșterea animalelor, animal husbandry, the branch of agriculture that breeds livestock, poultry, silkworms, fish and bees.^[3][13]
4. upbringing, education; good manners: fără creștere “ill-bred”, bună-creștere “good breeding”.^[3][4]

Related words

• crește
• crescător
• descreștere

Usage notes

The opposite is descreștere “decrease”, which MDA2 often names beside it.^[2] The plural is creșteri.^[3]

References

1. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 547
3. ^ a b c d e f g h DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 249
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. créștere
5. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. crește
6. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. crește
7. ^ a b Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study)
8. ^ a b Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.)
9. ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească
10. ^ a b Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 577
11. ^ a b Dimitrescu, Florica (1997), Dicționar de cuvinte recente, 2nd ed., București: Logos (with the 3rd ed., 2013, in CLRE)
12. ^ Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
13. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună