Etymology and origin of the Romanian word bețiv
- Confidence
- Disputed
- Formation
- Derivation
- First attested
- 1551–1553 a Gospel book (Matthew 24:49) More words from the 16th century
- Ultimate origin
- Latin bibitus
Pronunciation
- [beˈt͡siv][1]
Forms
bețiv m or n (feminine singular bețivă, masculine plural bețivi, feminine/neuter plural bețive)[1] The older form bețiu lives on in Banat and Oltenia: „Frate-meu e om bețiu Și te vinde pe rachiu” “my brother is a drunkard and will sell you for brandy”.[2][3] Klein's dictionary of 1801 spells it Betzív.[4] In the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet the word was written бецив.[1]
Etymology
Its formation is disputed.[5][6] Ciorănescu takes it as a later form from Romanian bețiu (“drunkard; intoxicating”), itself formed from Romanian beat (“drunk”) + -iu, with the same change of ending as in pairs such as brudiu – brudiv.[6] That adjective continues Latin bibitus (“drunk”), the past participle of bibō (“to drink”).[6][7][8]
The DA also derives it from the same adjective with the suffix ⟨-iu⟩, which became ⟨-iv⟩ perhaps under the influence of the Old Church Slavonic пианивъ (pijanivŭ, “drunken”);[2] Scriban too compares the Slavonic word,[9] and Tiktin derives the word directly from the adjective.[10] NODEX and Wiktionary analyse it as beție with the suffix -iv.[11][1] Candrea and Densusianu instead derived the form in ⟨-iu⟩ from a reconstructed Vulgar Latin *bibitivus, the ending being replaced by the Slavonic suffix ⟨-iv⟩;[3] DEX and MDA2 compare this Latin form, and the DLRM derives the word from an inherited form in ⟨-iu⟩ with the suffix ⟨-iv⟩.[5][12][13] Ciorănescu rejects both the Latin reconstruction and the Slavonic influence as unnecessary.[6]
Earliest recorded meaning
Tiktin dates the first record to 1551–1553, in Matthew 24:49, where the wicked servant eats and drinks with the drunken.[10] MDA2 and the DA cite Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură (1581): „Bețivii și curvarii... păstori de porci chiamă-se” “drunkards and fornicators... are called swineherds”.[12][2]
Semantic evolution
The word has always meant a person given to drink, as adjective and noun; the 17th-century Slavonic–Romanian lexicons use it to gloss Slavonic пианивъ.[14][2] Of drinks it meant “intoxicating”: the Anonymus Caransebesiensis glosses bețiu with Latin inebrians.[2][12] Ispirescu's bețiv împărătesc “imperial drunkard” is a great drunkard, and Alecsandri's bețiv de cărți a passionate card player.[2][10] The feminine bețivă names the vinegar fly, also musculiță bețivă, which swarms around casks of wine; a plant that needs much water is also called bețiv.[15][12][16]
Romanian formed the augmentatives bețivan and bețivoi and the verb bețivi “to booze”.[10][6] A proverb says that even the devil comes out to meet the drunkard with a measure of drink: Bețivului și dracu-i iese cu ocaua înainte.[10][2]
Timeline
- 1551–1553 – the first record, in Matthew 24:49.[10]
- 1581 – bețivii in Coresi's Evanghelie cu învățătură.[12][2]
- 1649 – bețiv glossing Slavonic пианивъ in Mardarie's lexicon.[14]
- 1688 – bețiv and bețivul in the Bucharest Bible.[17]
- 1691 – the feminine bețivă, of a quarrelsome wife.[2]
- 1801 – Betzív “drunkard” in Klein's dictionary.[4]
Meanings
Adjective
- Given to drinking; alcoholic.[5][12][1]
- (of drinks) Strong, intoxicating.[12][15]
- (of plants) Needing much water.[12][15]
Noun
- A drunkard, a person addicted to alcohol.[5][18][1]
- bețiv de cărți (rare): a passionate card player.[12][2]
Word family
- bețivan
- bețivi
- bețivănie
Related words
Usage notes
Musculiță bețivă (or muscă-bețivă) is the vinegar fly, which lives in swarms around vessels of alcoholic drink.[15][13]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ a b Candrea, I.-A.; Densusianu, Ov. (1907–1914), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române: elementele latine (A–Putea), București
- ^ a b Gáldi, László (ed.) (1944), Samuel Klein: Dictionarium valachico-latinum. Primul dicționar al limbii române, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Pázmány Péter Tudományegyetemi Román Intézet (Klein's dictionary of 1801, with Gáldi's etymological study), p. 313
- ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 101
- ^ a b c d e Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. beat
- ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 1080
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 166
- ^ a b c d e f Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 201
- ^ a b Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 78
- ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ a b c d Dima, Eugenia (coord.) (2007), Dicționar explicativ ilustrat al limbii române, Chișinău: Arc / Gunivas, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ Candrea, I.-A.; Adamescu, Gh. (1926–1931), Dicționarul enciclopedic ilustrat „Cartea Românească”, București: Cartea Românească, p. s.v. bețiv
- ^ Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Prov 23:20
- ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 231
Cite this entry
“Bețiv.” Etymologically, 11 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/be%C8%9Biv. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
Last edited on . ·