Etymology and origin of the Romanian word bacșiș
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Borrowing
- First attested
- c. 1675 Miron Costin's chronicle of Moldavia More words from the 17th century
- Borrowed from
- Ottoman Turkish بخشش
- Ultimate origin
- Persian بخشش
Forms
bacșiș n (plural bacșișuri)[1]
Etymology
It is borrowed from Ottoman Turkish بخشش (bahşiş, “gift; tip”), a word of the Ottoman period.[2][3][4][5][1] DELR notes older and dialectal Turkish pronunciations with ⟨k⟩, which Scriban and Șăineanu give as the popular form.[3][6][7] The Turkish word comes from Persian بخشش (baxšeš, “gift, reward”), a derivative of the Persian verb meaning “to give”.[3][8][1]
The word also lives south of the Danube: Aromanian băhcișe and Megleno-Romanian băcșiș.[2][9][10][11] From the same Turkish source come Modern Greek μπαξίσι (baksísi) and Bulgarian бакшиш (bakšiš), and the word spread to German Bakschisch and French bakchich.[2][12][13]
Earliest recorded meaning
The first record is in Miron Costin's chronicle of Moldavia: whoever brought the head of a Cossack was to receive fifty gold ducats as bacșiș, „care va aduce cap de cozac să ieie câte 50 galbeni de aur bacșiș”.[14][15] Tiktin dates the passage 1675, DELR about 1700.[14][3] In this and other old texts the word means a reward from the Ottoman side, above all for military service.[15][4]
Semantic evolution
Șăineanu describes the Ottoman custom behind the word: money handed out to the janissaries and spahis when a new sultan came to the throne, and rewards for a feat of arms.[16] DA notes that the word entered Romanian early and became popular even beyond the Carpathians.[15] Ion Neculce's chronicle already has bacșișuri for generous gifts of money.[15]
The sense then narrowed to the small sum given to servants, coachmen, waiters or postmen for a service already paid for, the modern “tip”.[15][4] Given to officials, a bacșiș is a bribe, close to ciubuc and șpagă.[4][15] In folk custom it is the gift a bridegroom gives the bride's kin, and in Moldova a wedding present.[15][17] Recent slang uses it for protection money.[18]
Romanian derived the verb bacșișui “to tip; to bribe”, recorded from 1888, and the noun bacșișar “a person easily bribed”.[3][2]
Timeline
- c. 1675 – bacșiș “reward” in Miron Costin's chronicle.[14][15]
- 18th century – bacșișuri in Ion Neculce's chronicle.[15]
- 1870 – “a small money reward for a service” in Costinescu.[19]
- 1888 – bacșișui “to bribe”.[3]
Meanings
Noun
- A tip: money given above the price due, for a personal service.[5][4]
- Money given to an official for an illegal service; a bribe.[4][20]
- (dated) A reward, especially for military service.[4][15]
- (regional) A wedding present.[17]
Word family
- bacșișui
- bacșișar
Related words
- Aromanian băhcișe
Usage notes
The plural is bacșișuri;[4] MDA2 also records bacșișe.[4]
References
- ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. bacșiș
- ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. bacșiș
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 155
- ^ a b DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 85
- ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 144
- ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 48
- ^ Nişanyan, Sevan, Nişanyan Sözlük: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimolojisi (online edition)
- ^ Papahagi, Tache (1963), Dicționarul dialectului aromân, general și etimologic, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 196
- ^ Saramandu, Nicolae (coord.) et al. (2010–), Dicționarul dialectului meglenoromân, general și etimologic, fascicles in Fonetică și dialectologie XXIX–, p. 56
- ^ Capidan, Theodor (1935), Meglenoromânii III: Dicționar meglenoromân, București: Academia Română, p. 31
- ^ Georgiev, Vladimir I. et al. (eds.) (1971–), Bălgarski etimologičen rečnik, Sofija: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata akademija na naukite, p. 1, 28
- ^ Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- ^ a b c Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. bacșiș
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. bacșiș
- ^ Șăineanu, Lazăr (1900), Influența orientală asupra limbei și culturei române, vol. I: Introducerea; vol. II.1: Vorbele populare; vol. II.2: Vorbele istorice, literare, Indice, București: Socec, p. II.1, 33
- ^ a b Stati, Vasile (2003), Dicționar moldovenesc-românesc, Chișinău
- ^ Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu, p. s.v. bacșiș
- ^ Costinescu, Ion (1870), Vocabularu romano-francesu, 2 vols., Bucuresci, p. 1, 91
- ^ Macrea, Dimitrie; Petrovici, Emil (coord.) (1955–1957), Dicționarul limbii romîne literare contemporane, 4 vols., București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne, p. 1, 185
Related etymologies
Cite this entry
“Bacșiș.” Etymologically, 12 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/ro/bac%C8%99i%C8%99. Accessed 12 Nov. 2026.
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