aruncare

Forms

aruncare f (plural aruncări)^[1]

Etymology

It is the long infinitive of arunca (“to throw”), used as a noun: from Romanian arunca + -re.^[2][3][1] The verb is of uncertain origin;^[4][5][1] DELR thinks it probably comes from *arruncō, a form of ēruncō (“to weed out”) with a different prefix; earlier dictionaries derive it from that verb itself, and Ciorănescu also names runcō (“to weed”).^[4][5][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first records are in the Slavonic–Romanian lexicons of the 17th century, from Mardarie's of 1649 on, where aruncare glosses Slavonic вержение “throwing”.^[6] The Bucharest Bible of 1688 has the word in Luke 22:41.^[7] MDA2 dates it only from Șincai's chronicle.^[2]

Semantic evolution

The basic sense is the act of throwing, and Pontbriant's dictionary of 1862 lists phrases for launching a ship, dropping an anchor and being thrown from a horse.^[3][8] The DA and folk charms also use it for casting a spell: a charm asks to be cleansed “of all the casting”.^[3]

Among the Romanians of Austria-Hungary the word also meant “reproach”, which the DA explains as a calque of German Vorwurf, recorded by Șincai and the Lexicon of Buda; another old sense is the levying of an extraordinary tax, in Șincai and Ion Ionescu.^[3][9] In the 20th century the word became the name of the athletic throwing events and of a throw of the ball in games.^[10][11]

Timeline

• 1649 – aruncare glossing Slavonic “throwing” in Mardarie's lexicon, the first record.^[6]
• 1688 – aruncare in the Bucharest Bible (Luke 22:41).^[7]
• 1825 – the Lexicon of Buda gives “throwing”, “reproach” and “levying a tax”.^[9]
• 1853 – aruncare “reproach” and “tax” in Șincai's chronicle.^[2][3]
• 1862 – Pontbriant lists aruncarea unei ancore “dropping anchor” and similar phrases.^[8]

Meanings

Noun

1. The act of throwing or of throwing oneself; aruncătură.^[10][12]
2. (sports) An athletic event in which the discus, the javelin, the shot and the like are thrown.^[10][2]
3. (sports) A throw of the ball in games such as basketball or handball.^[10][11]
4. (dated, Transylvania) A reproach.^[3][9]
5. (dated) The levying of an extraordinary tax.^[3][2]

Related words

• arunca
• aruncătură

Usage notes

MDA2 records the colloquial phrase aruncarea vinei asupra cuiva “putting the blame on someone”.^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 106
3. ^ a b c d e f g Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. aruncare
4. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. arunca
5. ^ a b Ciorănescu, Alexandru (1958–1966), Diccionario etimológico rumano, La Laguna: Universidad de La Laguna (Romanian ed.: Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române, București: Saeculum, 2001), p. s.v. arunca
6. ^ a b Ungureanu, Mădălina; Gînsac, Ana-Maria; Moruz, Alexandru (eds.), eRomLex: The First Romanian Bilingual Dictionaries (17th century), Iași: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, https://scriptadacoromanica.ro
7. ^ a b Biblia, adecă Dumnezeiasca Scriptură a ceii vechi și a ceii noao leage, București, 1688 (ed. 1988, tricentennial edition), p. Luke 22:41
8. ^ a b Pontbriant, Raoul de (1862), Dictiunaru romano-francesu, Bucuresci: A. Ulrich / Göttingen: Dieterich, p. 47
9. ^ a b c Lesicon românescu-latinescu-ungurescu-nemțescu quare de mai mulți autori, în cursul a trideci și mai multor ani s-au lucrat (1825), Buda: Typographia Universității (the Lexicon of Buda, ed. Petru Maior et al.), p. 32
10. ^ a b c d DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 65
11. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional
12. ^ Academia Republicii Populare Romîne (1958), Dicționarul limbii romîne moderne, București: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romîne