academie

Forms

academie f (plural academii)^[1] An older stress académie, after Latin, is still admitted;^[2][3] Eminescu uses it.^[2][3] DELR also records the old variant acadimie.^[4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from French académie, with New Latin acadēmīa as a second source, a case of multiple etymology.^[4][2][5] DA and Wiktionary name only French, MDA2 Latin and Greek, while Tiktin derives it from Italian accademia, partly through other languages.^[6][1][7][3] DELR explains the old stress ⟨académie⟩ by a Latin variant with short ⟨i⟩ and by the Italian word, and the variant ⟨acadimie⟩ by Modern Greek ακαδήμεια (akadímia).^[4]

The Latin word is from Ancient Greek Ἀκαδήμεια (Akadḗmeia), the name of a garden near Athens where Plato set up his school, and then of the school itself.^[4][8] It is named after the legendary hero Ἀκάδημος (Akádēmos).^[4][1] French took the word in the early 16th century from Italian, on the model of the Italian learned societies.^[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELR's first record is in T. Corbea's dictionary, written in 1691–1697.^[4] Tiktin dates the word to 1703.^[3]

Semantic evolution

Negulici's dictionary of 1848 explains the word from Plato's garden and his school, then gives the modern senses: a body of scholars, writers or artists and the place where they meet, a school of fencing or riding, and an academy of painting.^[10] The first Romanian institutions of the name were schools: Șăineanu mentions the Mihăileană Academy founded in Iași in 1835.^[11] The Romanian Academy was founded in 1867 and took its final form in 1879, on the French model.^[12][11]

DA defines it both as a high school without all the faculties of a university, and by extension a private school of an art or a trade (academie de muzică, academie de biliard), and as a society of scholars recognised by the state.^[6] Eminescu uses academii for the universities he dreamed of as a student.^[6] In underworld slang academie is a long criminal record.^[13]

The family grew from the 17th century: academic “professor” from 1667–1669, the adjective from 1770–1775, academician from 1825.^[4]

Timeline

• 1667–1669 – academic “university professor”, in Constantin Cantacuzino.^[4]
• 1691–1697 – first record of academie, in T. Corbea's dictionary.^[4]
• 1703 – first record according to Tiktin.^[3]
• c. 1770 – academian “member of an academy”.^[4]
• 1770–1775 – the adjective academic.^[4]
• 1795 – academist “student of a high school”.^[4]
• 1825 – academician “member of an academy”.^[4]
• 1848 – Negulici's dictionary of neologisms explains the word.^[10]
• 1910 – academism, in Vlahuță.^[4]

Meanings

Noun

1. An academy: a society of scholars, writers or artists founded to promote the sciences and arts; the highest learned society of a country: Academia Română “the Romanian Academy”.^[2][1]
2. A school of higher education: Academia de Studii Economice.^[2][14]
3. (by extension) A private school teaching an art or a craft.^[7][6]
4. (underworld slang) A long criminal record.^[13]

Word family

• academic
• academician
• academism
• antiacademic
• neacademic

Related words

• Latin acadēmīa

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e DEX (2009), Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române [Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language], Bucharest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, p. 5
3. ^ a b c d e Tiktin, Hariton (2000–2005), Rumänisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., revised by Paul Miron and Elsa Lüder, 3 vols., Cluj-Napoca: Clusium, p. s.v. academie
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2011–), Dicționarul etimologic al limbii române (DELR), vol. I: A–B (2011), vol. II: C (2015–2018), București: Editura Academiei Române; continued online at delr.lingv.ro, p. s.v. academie
5. ^ Marcu, Florin (2000), Marele dicționar de neologisme, București: Saeculum Vizual
6. ^ a b c d Academia Română (1913–1949), Dicționarul limbii române (DA), ed. Sextil Pușcariu, tom I (A–B, C, D–De) and tom II (F–I, J–Lojniță), București: Socec / Universul / Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului; page scans at cflr-scans.solirom.ro, p. s.v. academie
7. ^ a b Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2010), Micul dicționar academic, 2nd ed., 4 vols., București: Univers Enciclopedic Gold, p. 1, 5
8. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
10. ^ a b Negulici, I. D. (1848), Vocabular romînesc de toate vorbele streine întroduse pînă acum în limba romînească și de toate cuvintele ce s-ar mai putea introduce încă, București
11. ^ a b Șăineanu, Lazăr (1929), Dicționar universal al limbei române, 6th ed., Craiova: Scrisul Românesc, p. 1, 3
12. ^ Scriban, August (1939), Dicționaru limbii românești (etimologii, înțelesuri, exemple, citațiuni, arhaizme, neologizme, provincializme), Iași: Presa Bună, p. 1, 62
13. ^ a b Volceanov, George (2007), Dicționar de argou al limbii române, București: Niculescu
14. ^ Academia Română, Institutul de Lingvistică „Iorgu Iordan – Al. Rosetti” (2002), Noul dicționar explicativ al limbii române, București: Litera Internațional