poenalis Latin · revision 9619

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Pliny the Elder|origins=grc ποινή}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [poe̯ˈnaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [peˈnaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''poenālis''' (neuter poenāle, adverb poenāliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[poena]] “penalty”, a loan of [[grc|ποινή|tr=poinḗ|t=blood-money, penalty]], with the suffix [[-ālis]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Lewis & Short and Köbler cite Pliny the Elder, ''poenālis opera'' “penal labour”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Pliny 23/24–79 AD.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant of punishment, punitive, penal, a post-Augustan word, frequent in the jurists of the Digest, and Gaffiot also gives avenging, used as a punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant penal, punishing, culpable, sinful, worthy of punishment.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for punitive, penal.^(DMLBS) [[en|penal]] (mid-15th century) came through Old French ''peinal'' and Medieval Latin ''penalis''.^(Etymonline) It survives in Italian ''penale''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * mid-15th century – English ''penal'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of punishment, [[m|en|penal]], punitive.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Ecclesiastical Latin)'' Culpable, sinful.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[poena]]

+ * [[pūniō]]

+ * [[en|penal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}