effero Latin · revision 8514

+ {{homograph|1|carry out, raise}}

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+ {{homograph|2|make wild}}

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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɛf.fɛ.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɛf.fe.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''efferō''' (present infinitive efferāre, perfect active efferāvī, supine efferātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb “to make wild” is formed from [[efferus]] “wild, savage”, from [[ex-]] and [[ferus]] “wild”, with the first-conjugation suffix.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cicero says the land is kept from turning wild through the savagery of beasts, and speaks of peoples made savage by brutality.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Livy uses it of a long beard and hair that made a face look wild, and of a general who brutalized his soldiers.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It came to mean to madden or infuriate, as Livy's Thebans driven to hatred of Rome and Curtius' horses maddened by pain.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Pliny has ulcers that grow malignant, and Statius and Apuleius use it of working metal into arms or beast shapes.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Its participle [[efferātus]] meant “savage”, and it gave English ''efferate''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero, of land turning wild.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy, of a wild face and maddened Thebans.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder, of malignant ulcers.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To make wild or [[m|en|savage]], [[m|en|brutalize]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # To madden, infuriate, exasperate.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(poetic)'' To work (metal) into weapons or figures of beasts.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[efferātus]]

+ * [[efferātiō]]

+ * [[efferāscō]]

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+ * [[efferitās]]

+ * [[fera]]

+ * [[fericulus]]

+ * [[ferīnus]]

+ * [[feritās]]

+ * [[ferus]]

+ * [[sēmifer]]