hospes Latin · revision 643

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈhɔs.pɛs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɔs.pes]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hospes''' ''m'' or f (genitive hospitis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|itc-pro|*χostipot-]],^(de Vaan 2008) a compound of [[hostis]] and the root of [[potis|t=able]], so roughly “guest-master”.^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Wiktionary takes it further back to [[inh|ine-pro|*gʰóstipotis]].^(Wiktionary) It is declined as a consonant stem, like [[impos]] and [[compos]], which contain the same second element.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ Cognate with [[pgn|hospus|t=stranger]] and with [[cu|господь|tr=gospodĭ|t=lord]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Isidore of Seville derived it from setting one's foot in the door ([[ostium]]).^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Naevius,^(de Vaan 2008) and Ennius already uses it of a [[m|en|guest]], in a line on the killing of a parent or a guest.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word covered both sides of the bond of [[m|en|hospitality]]: the guest or visitor and the [[m|en|host]] who received him,^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) so that Cicero can speak of the hand that King Deiotarus gave “as host to guest”.^(Lewis & Short 1879) It also named a man bound to someone of another town or country by inherited ties of hospitality,^(OLD 2012) an official lodged at public cost, and the soldier billeted on a household or the householder on whom he was billeted.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) From the visitor it passed to the stranger or foreigner, and to someone who is a stranger to a subject, inexperienced in it;^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) poets of the Empire used it as an adjective, “foreign” or “hospitable”.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ In the barbarian kingdoms ''hospes'' named the Germanic warrior settled on Roman land under the rules of ''hospitalitas'',^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Du Cange 1883) and in medieval France and Germany it came to mean a free tenant holding a small plot for rent, an immigrant or foreign visitor, a mercenary and an [[m|en|innkeeper]].^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) Through Old French ''oste'' it gave [[en|host]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 235–200 BC – Naevius is the first author to use it.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it both for the host and for the guest.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of officials lodged by provincials and of their hosts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it for the householder on whom soldiers are billeted.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * Early Middle Ages – Burgundian law uses it for the Roman landholders who shared their estates with the settlers.^(Du Cange 1883)

+ * late 13th century – [[en|host]] is borrowed from Old French ''oste'', which comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|guest]], visitor; an official given public hospitality; a soldier in billets.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # A [[m|en|host]], one who entertains a guest; a householder on whom soldiers are billeted.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)

+ # A guest-friend, a person bound to one of another town or country by ties of hospitality.^(OLD 2012)

+ # A stranger, [[m|en|foreigner]]; one unacquainted with something.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A barbarian settled on Roman land under ''hospitalitas''.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Du Cange 1883)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A free tenant of a small holding; an immigrant; a [[m|en|mercenary]]; an [[m|en|innkeeper]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of or involving hospitality; acting as host; foreign.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Descendants==

+ * Italian: [[m|it|ospite]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Spanish: [[m|es|huésped]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Portuguese: [[m|pt|hóspede]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Romanian: [[m|ro|oaspete]], [[m|ro|oaspe]], [[m|ro|oaspăt]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Catalan: [[m|ca|hoste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Occitan: [[m|oc|òste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Galician: [[m|gl|hóspede]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Romansh: [[m|rm|hosp]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Friulian: [[m|fur|ospit]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Aromanian: [[m|rup|oaspi]], [[m|rup|oaspe]], [[m|rup|ospi]]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Old French: [[m|fro|oste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ ** Italian: [[m|it|oste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ ** Middle French: [[m|frm|hoste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ *** French: [[m|fr|hôte]]^(Wiktionary)

+ ** Middle English: [[m|enm|hoste]]^(Wiktionary)

+ *** English: [[m|en|host]]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hospita]]

+ * [[hospitālis]]

+ * [[hospiticīda]]

+ * [[hospitium]]

+ * [[hospitīvus]]

+ * [[hospitō]]

+ * [[hospitor]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hospitāculum]]

+ * [[hospitālia]]

+ * [[hospitālitās]]

+ * [[hospitāliter]]

+ * [[hospitātor]]

+ * [[hospitiolum]]

+ * [[hostis]]

+ * [[potis]]

+ * [[en|host]]

+ * [[en|hospital]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The feminine is usually [[hospita]], but ''hospes'' itself is used of women by Accius, Ovid and Statius.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) The genitive plural ''hospitium'', printed in some texts of Livy,^(Lewis & Short 1879) is regarded by the TLL as a false manuscript reading for ''hospitum''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}