manage English · revision 4573

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1561|origins=la manus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It was first spelled manege, [[bor|it|maneggiare|t=to handle, especially to control a horse]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from Vulgar Latin *manizāre,^(Barnhart 1988) from Latin [[m|la|manus|t=hand]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[ine-pro|*man-|t=hand]].^(Etymonline) The spelling was changed to manage by 1570 under the influence of the suffix -age,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) and the meaning was influenced by French manège “horsemanship” and ménager “to use carefully”, from ménage “household”.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) It is related to [[manual]], [[manner]], [[manoeuvre]] and [[manuscript]].^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To handle, train or direct a horse: 1561 in Barnhart, the OED and MWU.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024) The noun manage, the training of a horse, is from before 1586.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first things managed were horses.^(Cresswell 2021) By the 1570s the verb was used of conducting a war or other undertaking (1579 in Barnhart), and of directing the affairs of a household or business from 1609.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) Wielding a tool or weapon by hand is from the 1580s.^(Etymonline) The sense “to succeed in doing” is by 1732,^(Etymonline) and “to get by, cope” is suggested by the 1650s and frequent from the mid-19th century.^(Etymonline) In the 17th and 18th centuries the verb was often identified with French ménager “to use sparingly”.^(Hoad 1986) ''Management'' and ''manageable'' are from 1598.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1561 – to handle or train a horse.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1579 – to conduct an undertaking.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1580s – to wield by hand.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1598 – ''management'', ''manageable''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1609 – to direct the affairs of a business or household.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1650s – to get by.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1732 – to succeed in doing.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be in charge of and run a business, organization or group of people.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To succeed in doing something, especially something difficult.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To cope or get by, especially with little money.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To control or handle a tool, animal or person.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To use time, money or resources carefully.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mismanage]]

+ * [[overmanage]]

+ * [[undermanage]]

+ * [[manageable]]

+ * [[management]]

+ * [[manager]]

+ * [[managerial]]

+ * [[unmanageable]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[manege]]

+ * [[manual]]

+ * [[manus]]

+ * [[manner]]

+ * [[manoeuvre]]

+ * [[manuscript]]

+ * [[menage]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}