endure English · revision 39385

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1340, Richard Rolle, Pricke of Conscience|origins=la dūrus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * UK: /ɪnˈdʒʊə(ɹ)/, /ɪnˈdjʊə(ɹ)/^(Wiktionary)

+ * US: /ɪnˈd(j)ʊɹ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|enduren]], [[bor|fro|endurer|t=to harden; to bear]],^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2024)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[la|indūrō|t=to make hard]],^(AHD 2024)^(Etymonline)^(OED 2026) formed [[af|la|in-|dūrō|t2=to harden, last]], from [[m|la|dūrus|t=hard]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(ODE 2010) In Late Latin the verb meant "to harden (the heart) against",^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) and Merriam-Webster posits a Vulgar Latin sense "to last, continue".^(MWU 2024) Anglo-Norman ''endurer'' already meant "to bear, suffer" and "to last" in the 1120s.^(AND) Barnhart suggests that ''dūrus'' is related to [[sa|दारुण|tr=dāruṇá|t=hard, rough]] and [[grc|δόρυ|tr=dóru|t=wood]];^(Barnhart 1988) the AHD refers it to [[ine-pro|*deru-]].^(AHD 2024)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To undergo or bear continuous pain or hardship, 1340, in Richard Rolle's Pricke of Conscience.^(OED 2026)^(HTOED) Barnhart dates the word to about 1380,^(Barnhart 1988) Dictionary.com to 1275–1325.^(Dictionary.com 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Latin sense "to harden" came into English too: the Wycliffite Bible of about 1384 used it for making hard or callous, a sense that died out around 1600.^(OED 2026)^(Hoad 1986) Chaucer has the intransitive "to last, continue to exist" (about 1386),^(OED 2026) and Lydgate used it in 1413 of things that bear strain or wear without damage.^(OED 2026) The sense "to put up with, tolerate" is from 1477, in Caxton.^(OED 2026)^(Hoad 1986) ''Endurance'' followed in 1494.^(Barnhart 1988) Johnson (1755) defined it as "to bear; to undergo; to sustain; to support".^(Johnson 1755)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1340 – to undergo or bear hardship.^(OED 2026)

+ * c. 1384 – to harden (obsolete by 1600).^(OED 2026)

+ * c. 1386 – to last (Chaucer).^(OED 2026)

+ * 1413 – of things, to withstand strain.^(OED 2026)

+ * 1477 – to tolerate (Caxton).^(OED 2026)

+ * 1494 – ''endurance''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To go through [[hardship]] or pain without giving way: ''the crew endured weeks of storms''.^(AHD 2024)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To bear with patience; [[tolerate]]: ''I can't endure his complaining''.^(AHD 2024)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To last, continue to exist: ''the friendship endured for decades''.^(AHD 2024)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[endurer]]

+ * [[unendured]]

+ * [[endurable]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[endurance]]

+ * [[enduring]]

+ * [[enduro]]

+ * [[duress]]

+ * [[durable]]

+ * [[during]]

+ * [[duration]]

+ * [[obdurate]]

+ * [[indurate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}