includo Latin · revision 3866

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero|origins=ine-pro *kleh₂u-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ɪŋˈkɫuː.doː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [iŋˈkluː.do]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''inclūdō''' (present infinitive inclūdere, perfect active inclūsī, supine inclūsum); third conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|in-|claudō|t2=to shut]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) ''Claudō'' is [[m|itc-pro|*klaud-e/o-]], from [[ine-pro|*kleh₂u-d-|t=to shut]], related to [[clavis|alt=clāvis]] “key”.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cicero writes of a decree of the senate shut up in the records.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to put in a case or receptacle, as a sword sheathed to the hilt in Statius, and to shut up people or animals, as fish in ponds, or prisoners in jail, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) It meant to lock away, conceal, to fence in an area, to close up an opening or a wound, and to bring to an end, as Propertius' “tomorrow may end our fate”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It meant to restrict a person or a sum, and to incorporate something in a document or speech.^(OLD 2012) English ''include'' was borrowed in the early 15th century, first meaning to shut in.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of shutting up a decree and of the gods within walls.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of shutting captives in prison.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 57/46–12 BC – Propertius uses it of ending one's fate.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * early 15th century – English ''include'' is borrowed.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To put in, [[m|en|enclose]] (in a case).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To shut up, confine, [[m|en|imprison]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To lock away, conceal.^(OLD 2012)

+ # To fence in (an area).^(OLD 2012)

+ # To close up, stop (an opening).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To end, round off.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To restrict, limit.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To incorporate, [[m|en|include]] (in a document).^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[inclūsiō]]

+ * [[inclūsor]]

+ * [[inclūsus]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[circumclūdō]]

+ * [[conclūdō]]

+ * [[disclūdō]]

+ * [[exclūdō]]

+ * [[interclūdō]]

+ * [[occlūdō]]

+ * [[praeclūdō]]

+ * [[rēclūdō]]

+ * [[sēclūdō]]

+ * [[claudo]]

+ * [[en|include]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}