parc French · revision 38573

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1160–74, Wace, Roman de Rou|origins=la-med parricus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /paʁk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''parc''' ''m'' (plural parcs)^(Wiktionary)

+ Anglo-Norman [[m|xno|parc]], [[m|xno|parck]], [[m|xno|parke]].^(AND)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|la-med|parricus|t=enclosure]], found in the 8th century in the Ripuarian law.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|7, 663b) Rey and Bloch and Wartburg derive ⟨parricus⟩ from a pre-Latin [[m|la-vul|*parra|t=pole, stake]], kept in [[es|parra|t=vine trellis]] and, with a voiced initial, in French [[barre]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989) The Grand Robert thinks the Latin word probably Germanic, and Wiktionary allows a borrowing from [[frk|*parrik]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary) Rey rules out a Germanic origin because of the initial ⟨p-⟩ and the Latin suffix, and explains the late appearance of the word by the kind of property it names, unknown in ancient society.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ Its outcomes are found all over Gallo-Romance, in Lombard dialects and in Old Catalan.^(DHLF 1992) The Germanic words [[goh|pfarrih]], [[de|Pferch]] and [[ang|pearroc]] were borrowed from Gallo-Latin.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Wace's ''Roman de Rou'' (1160–74) it is a large enclosed stretch of land and woods where game was kept and bred for hunting.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Such a park belonged to the king or a lord and was typical of the medieval castle.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From about 1220 it also meant an enclosed orchard.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In 1664, of the small park of Versailles, it is defined as a large enclosed area of land and woods laid out for ornament, pleasure and walking; the first parks open to the public appeared in the 18th century and spread in the 19th.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The sense “protected natural area” came from American English: ''Parc national'' was used for Yellowstone in 1878, and ''parc'' for a high valley of the Rocky Mountains in 1881; the name was applied to France from 1902.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) English ''park'' had itself been borrowed from French.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The idea of an enclosure also gave a movable pen for cattle (about 1278), a ditched pasture for fattening oxen (1690) and beds for oysters and fish.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In the 14th and 15th centuries ''parc'' also meant an entrenched camp, a sense largely given up to [[camp]] about 1500; it kept some military uses.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1160–74 – Wace uses ''parc'' for a hunting enclosure.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1220 – An enclosed orchard.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1278 – A pen for livestock.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1339 – The diminutive [[parquet]] “small enclosure”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1664 – The park of a château, at Versailles.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1878 – ''Parc national'', of Yellowstone.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1902 – ''Parc national'' applied to France.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1945 – ''Parcs municipaux'' in Gracq.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A large enclosed area of grounds and woods around a [[château]] or a large house.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+ # A public [[m|en|park]] in a town: ''un parc municipal''.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # A protected natural area: ''parc national'', ''parc naturel régional''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''Parc d'attractions'': an [[m|en|amusement park]], ''parc zoologique'': a zoo.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A light movable [[m|en|fold]] for sheep, and a [[m|en|pen]] for cattle.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # A [[m|en|playpen]] for small children.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A bed where shellfish are raised: ''parc à huîtres'', ''parc à moules''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # An enclosed depot, especially for military stores: ''parc d'artillerie''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A car park: ''parc de stationnement''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # The total stock or [[m|en|fleet]] of vehicles or machines of a kind: ''le parc automobile''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[parquer]]

+ * [[parquet]]

+ * [[parcage]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[barre]]

+ * [[la-med|parricus]]

+ * [[en|park]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}