série French · revision 38561

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1715, Varignon|origins=la serō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /se.ʁi/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''série''' ''f'' (plural séries)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|seriēs|t=row, chain, unbroken succession; line of descendants]], first used in French as a term of mathematics in 1715.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) The Latin noun is derived from [[m|la|serō|t=to plait, join together]], which Rey connects within Latin with [[m|la|sermō]] and [[m|la|sors]]; links with other Indo-European languages remain hypothetical.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Littré compared [[grc|σειρά|tr=seirá|t=rope]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Varignon uses it in 1715 in the Mémoires of the Académie royale des sciences for infinite series in mathematics, discussing Jakob Bernoulli's theses.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Diderot extended it to any set sequence of things of the same kind (1767–1768), and it was used in zoology for a classification (1798).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In sport it named a group of players or competitors in a qualifying round (1859), a run of points at billiards (1875) and a grade of ranking (1905).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ''Série noire'' “a run of misfortunes” is recorded in 1895, and ''en série'' “in large numbers of identical objects” in 1903, as in ''fabrication en série''; in electricity ''en série'' (1881) translates English.^(DHLF 1992) In the 20th century it was used in boxing for a quick run of blows (1921), in radio and television for a programme in episodes, and in music for the twelve-tone row.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1715 – Varignon uses it in mathematics.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1767–1768 – Diderot uses it for a succession of impressions.^(TLFi)

+ * 1798 – The Académie records it in natural history.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1859 – A group of competitors in sport.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1881 – ''En série'' in electricity.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1895 – ''Série noire''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1903 – ''En série'' of mass production.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|series]], a succession or set of things of the same kind: ''une série de questions'', ''une série de timbres''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(mathematics)'' The sum of the terms of a [[m|en|sequence]]: ''série convergente'', ''série divergente''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''En série'': in large numbers of identical units (''fabrication en série''); ''(electricity)'' connected end to end.^(DHLF 1992)^(BHVF)

+ # ''Hors série'': out of the ordinary, ''un hors-série'', a special issue of a periodical.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''Série noire'': a run of misfortunes.^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A television or radio [[m|en|serial]], a story in episodes.^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(sport)'' A heat or qualifying group; a category in a ranking.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # A division of a forest, a grade of goods, or another subdivision in a classification.^(GLLF 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sérier]]

+ * [[sériel]]

+ * [[hors-série]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|seriēs]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}