processo Italian · revision 38370

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=before 1294, Brunetto Latini|origins=la cēdō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /proˈt͡ʃɛs.so/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''processo''' ''m'' (plural processi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|processus|t=advance, progress, course]], a noun formed from the past participle of [[m|la|prōcēdō|t=to go forward, advance]].^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) In Medieval Latin the word took the legal sense “court proceedings”: the jurists of the Middle Ages gave new meanings to general words, and Migliorini dates this use of the word to about the 13th century.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) The same Latin noun gave [[fr|procès]] and [[es|proceso]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(Körting 1907)

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+ The Latin verb is a compound of [[m|la|prō-|t=forward]] and [[m|la|cēdō|t=to go, withdraw]].^(Wiktionary)^(de Vaan 2008) De Vaan derives the simple verb from [[itc-pro|*kesd-e/o-|t=to go away]] and connects it, after Lubotsky, with Sanskrit and Avestan words for “to drive away”, from [[ine-pro|*ḱiesdʰ-]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ DELI's first record is in Brunetto Latini, before 1294, with the sense “the act of going forward; a sequence of linked events”.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) DEI notes that Dante used the word.^(DEI|3089)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The legal sense, “the proceedings by which a court reaches a judgement”, is recorded in Giovanni Villani's chronicle before 1348, and the sense “method followed to obtain a result or substance” in Alessandro Piccolomini in 1569.^(DELI 1999) DEI dates the anatomical sense “process, outgrowth of a bone” to 1599, and the medical use (''processo morboso'', ''infettivo'') became frequent in the 19th century.^(DEI|3089)^(DELI 1999) The derivatives ''processare'' “to put on trial” (before 1566, Annibal Caro) and ''processuale'' (1798) belong to the legal sense.^(DELI 1999)

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+ ''Processo verbale'', a written record of a meeting, is [[fr|procès-verbal]];^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|3089) DEI dates it in Italian to 1877.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI|3089) Modern Italian also uses ''processo a'' for a critical examination of something, as in a ''processo alle intenzioni'', judging someone by intentions they are only supposed to have.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GRADIT 2003)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 1294 – Brunetto Latini uses ''processo'' for an advance or a series of events.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ * Before 1348 – Giovanni Villani uses it for court proceedings.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1566 – ''Processare'' “to try” is recorded in Annibal Caro.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1569 – Alessandro Piccolomini uses it for a method or procedure.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1599 – Ferrante Imperato uses it for an anatomical process.^(DEI|3089)

+ * 1798 – ''Processuale'' appears in the acts of the Cisalpine Republic.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1877 – ''Processo verbale'' is recorded, after French ''procès-verbal''.^(DEI|3089)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' A [[m|en|trial]], the proceedings by which a court settles a case: ''Il processo per frode si aprirà a marzo.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|process]], a series of linked events that bring a gradual change: ''il lento processo di invecchiamento della popolazione''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # A method or series of operations for reaching a result, especially in industry: ''un nuovo processo di produzione dell'acciaio''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(medicine)'' The course of a disease: ''processo infiammatorio''.^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(anatomy, botany)'' An outgrowth of a bone or organ, a ''process''.^(Wiktionary)^(DEI|3089)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A critical examination, a putting on trial of something: ''fare il processo alla politica economica del governo''.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(GRADIT 2003)

+ # ''(literary)'' The course or passing of time, ''in processo di tempo'', “in the course of time”.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[processare]]

+ * [[processuale]]

+ * [[processabile]]

+ * [[processore]]

+ * [[controprocesso]]

+ * [[processista]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[procedere]]

+ * [[procedura]]

+ * [[la|processus]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ DEI and GDLI also record an obsolete participle and adjective ''processo'', “proceeded, caused by something”, from the same Latin participle.^(DEI|3089)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}