campione Italian · revision 38273

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=early 13th century, Uguccione da Lodi|origins=la campus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kamˈpjo.ne/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''campione''' ''m'' (plural campioni, feminine campionessa)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old Italian forms include ''campion'', ''canpione'', ''champione'' and southern ''campiuni''.^(TLIO) The feminine is ''campionessa'', recorded in Giordano da Pisa.^(Prati 1951|218)^(GDLI)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|campiō|t=fighter, champion]], recorded in glosses and Lombard documents.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI)^(GRADIT 2003) The Late Latin word is taken from [[frk|*kampijō|t=fighter in the field]], itself formed from [[la|campus|t=field; battlefield]].^(DELI 1999)^(DEI)^(GRADIT 2003)^(Wiktionary) Nocentini sees a Germanic loan of Romance origin, a return loan: the West Germanic word came from a Vulgar Latin one, which is the source of Medieval Latin ⟨campio⟩.^(Nocentini 2010) The Latin noun also gave [[goh|kampf|t=battle]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ Meyer-Lübke derives the Italian word from [[fr|champion]], whose form looks like a loan from Medieval Latin, and Prati also thinks of French.^(REW 1935)^(Prati 1951) DEI places the centre of the word in France and speaks of a semi-learned sound development in Italian.^(DEI) Zaccaria derived it from [[goh|chempho|t=fighter]].^(Zaccaria 1901) French ⟨champion⟩ gave [[oc|campió]] and [[es|campeón]].^(Nocentini 2010)^(REW 1935)

+

+ The origin of Latin ⟨campus⟩ is debated: it is traditionally linked with the root of [[grc|κάμπτω|tr=kámptō|t=to bend]], but de Vaan thinks it may be a farming word from a European substrate.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLIO's first record is in the ''Libro'' of the Cremonese Uguccione da Lodi, from the early 13th century, for a wrestler skilled in combat.^(TLIO) DELI's first record is in Guittone d'Arezzo, before 1294, for a man who fought a duel to defend someone else's cause.^(DELI 1999)^(GRADIT 2003) Guittone calls Justice ''de' debili tu retta e tu campione'' (“you the support and champion of the weak”).^(GDLI|2, 604)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Dante the word means an athlete or fighter.^(DELI 1999) Siena named a ''Campione Comunis'' in 1303 to fight the commune's judicial duels, and the Lombard laws let clerics ''dare il campione'', send a fighter in their place.^(Prati 1951|218)^(Tommaseo–Bellini 1861) Hence the word came to mean any defender of a cause.^(GRADIT 2003)^(TLIO)

+

+ The sense “sample” comes from the champion as the chosen, best example.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010)^(Zaccaria 1901) The standard of a unit of measure is recorded in a Sienese document of 1399, and a sample of goods at the end of the 15th century in the ''Canti carnascialeschi''.^(DELI 1999)^(DEI) In 15th- and 16th-century Florence, Bologna and Mantua a ''campione'' was also a register or ledger.^(DEI)

+

+ The sporting senses grew in the 19th and 20th centuries: ''campionato'', modelled on French ''championnat'' (1877), is recorded by 1886 or 1897, and ''campionissimo'' was coined in 1931 for the cyclist Costante Girardengo and later used for Fausto Coppi.^(DELI 1999)^(Nocentini 2010) The use after a noun, as in ''indagine campione'', is recorded in 1970.^(DELI 1999) Italian lent the word to Romanian and Albanian.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi gives the first record.^(TLIO)

+ * Before 1294 – Guittone d'Arezzo uses ''campione'' for a fighter in a duel.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Before 1321 – Dante uses it for an athlete.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1399 – A Sienese document uses it for a standard of measure.^(DELI 1999)

+ * Late 15th century – The ''Canti carnascialeschi'' use it for a sample.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1931 – ''Campionissimo'' is coined for Costante Girardengo.^(DELI 1999)

+ * 1970 – The use after a noun, as in ''analisi campione'', is recorded.^(DELI 1999)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(history)'' In the Middle Ages, a man who fought a duel or [[m|en|ordeal]] on behalf of someone else.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # A defender of a cause or ideal: ''un campione dei diritti civili''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(sports)'' A [[m|en|champion]], an athlete or team that has won a title, or an outstanding athlete: ''È diventata campionessa europea a vent'anni.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A person who excels at something: ''Mio fratello è un campione di scacchi.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # A [[m|en|sample]] of a material or product taken for testing: ''Il medico ha chiesto un campione di urina.''^(GRADIT 2003)^(Devoto–Oli 2026)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(statistics)'' A group chosen from a population to study it.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+ # ''(physics)'' A standard, the reference for a unit of measure.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)^(Zingarelli 2010)

+ # ''(archaic)'' A register or ledger.^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)^(Treccani 2011)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(invariable)'' Champion, that has won a competition: ''la nazionale campione del mondo''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+ # ''(invariable)'' Sample or standard: ''un'indagine campione'', ''il metro campione''.^(GRADIT 2003)^(Sabatini–Coletti 2026)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[campionamento]]

+ * [[campionare]]

+ * [[campionario]]

+ * [[campionato]]

+ * [[campionissimo]]

+ * [[campionarista]]

+ * [[campionatura]]

+ * [[campioncino]]

+ * [[campionista]]

+ * [[campionessa]]

+ * [[subcampione]]

+ * [[supercampione]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[campo]]

+ * [[fr|champion]]

+ * [[la|campus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}