duidelijk Dutch · revision 37397

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=1556, Utenhove Bible|origins=gem-pro *þiudijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈdœy̯.də.lək/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''duidelijk''' (comparative duidelijker, superlative duidelijkst)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|nl|duiden|-lijk|t1=to interpret, explain]], with the linking vowel ⟨e⟩, first recorded in the middle of the 16th century.^(EWN)^(WNT)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary) De Vries and De Tollenaere derive it instead from [[de|deutlich]], which was at first only an adverb (from [[gmh|diutlîche]]), and Wiktionary also calls it perhaps a calque of the German word;^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|113) Middle Low German had [[m|gml|dûdelîk]].^(Wiktionary)^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|113) Before these adjectives existed, phrases meaning “in the language of the people” were used for “clearly”: [[goh|in githiudi]], [[m|gmh|ze diute]], [[m|gml|tô dûde]] and [[ofs|tô thiôthe]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ The verb is Middle Dutch [[m|dum|dieden]] or [[m|dum|duden]] “to explain, to mean”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) It is often connected with [[gem-pro|*þeudō|t=people]] (as in [[diets]]), so that it would first have meant “to make clear to the people”.^(EWN) The EWN finds this meaning hard to derive from the noun and prefers the adjective [[m|gem-pro|*þiuþą|alt=*þeuþa-|t=good]], with an original sense “to make good, make understandable”.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest record is ''een duydelicke rede'', “a clear speech”, in Utenhove's Bible translation of 1556; the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal had 1557.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Kiliaan (1599) gives ''duydelick'' as “expressly, significantly”, and Franck and Van Wijk note that he knew it only as an adverb.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal puts first the sense “easy to understand, leaving no room for misunderstanding”, as in ''claere ende duydelycke termen'' “clear and plain terms” (1656).^(WNT) The phrases ''iets duidelijk maken'' “to explain something carefully” (1838) and ''het is duidelijk dat'' “it is evident that” (1875) belong here.^(WNT) A second sense is “clearly perceptible, distinct”, recorded from 1766, also of handwriting that is easy to read (1882); the word can describe a person who expresses himself clearly.^(WNT)

+

+ Reinsma records a business euphemism of 1993, when the Dutch postal company told customers its rates had become ''duidelijker'' “clearer” instead of saying that they had gone up.^(Reinsma 1999) The word was taken over into Frisian as [[m|fy|dúdlik]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1556 – ''Een duydelicke rede'' appears in Utenhove's Bible translation.^(EWN)

+ * 1557 – The date in the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+ * 1599 – Kiliaan lists ''duydelick'' as an adverb.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+ * 1656 – ''Claere ende duydelycke termen'' is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1766 – The sense “clearly perceptible” is recorded.^(WNT)

+ * 1875 – ''Het werd duidelijk dat'' “it became evident that” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|clear]], easy to understand, leaving no room for doubt: ''Zijn uitleg was kort en duidelijk.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)^(Wiktionary)

+ # clearly perceptible, [[m|en|distinct]]: ''een duidelijke vlek op het tafelkleed''.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # [[m|en|obvious]], evident.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # clearly: ''Ze sprak langzaam en duidelijk.''^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[duidelijkheid]]

+ * [[onduidelijk]]

+ * [[overduidelijk]]

+ * [[verduidelijken]]

+ * [[duidelijkheidshalve]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[duiden]]

+ * [[beduiden]]

+ * [[diets]]

+ * [[de|deutlich]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iemand iets duidelijk maken'' means both to explain something to someone and to make him understand it, as a firm warning.^(Van Dale 2014)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}