verliezen Dutch · revision 37303

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=1151–1200, Old Dutch (Rhineland rhymed Bible)|origins=gem-pro *leusaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /vərˈlizə(n)/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verliezen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|verliesen]], [[inh|odt|farliesan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fraleusaną|t=to lose]], made with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*fra-]] (Dutch [[ver-]]) on a strong verb [[m|gem-pro|*leusaną]] that no Germanic language has recorded without a prefix.^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(WNT) The same verb is [[osx|farliosan]], [[goh|farliosan]] (modern [[de|verlieren]]), [[ofs|forliāsa]], [[ang|forlēosan]], of which only the participle [[en|forlorn]] survives, and [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌰𐌽|tr=fraliusan]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Vercoullie 1925) Nouns made from it with another vowel include [[m|got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃|tr=fralusts|t=loss, perdition]] and [[m|goh|firlust]], modern [[m|de|Verlust]].^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|404)

+

+ The Germanic root is that of [[los]] “loose”.^(EWN) Outside Germanic it is compared with [[grc|λύω|tr=lúō|t=to loosen, untie]], [[la|luō|t=to pay, atone]] and [[m|la|solvō|t=to loosen]], from a root [[ine-pro|*leu-|t=to cut off, loosen]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Vercoullie 1925)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The ⟨r⟩ of the plural past and the participle ⟨verloren⟩ arose by grammatical alternation and rhotacism, as in ⟨verkoren⟩ beside [[verkiezen]].^(EWN) The Middle Dutch past singular was ⟨verloos⟩, still usual in the first half of the 17th century, before analogy gave ⟨verloor⟩.^(EWN)^(WNT) German carried the ⟨r⟩ through the whole verb.^(EWN)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest records are in the Rhineland rhymed Bible of 1151–1200, which speaks of people giving up all worldly things ''that se the sielen neuerlîesen'', “so that they do not lose their souls”, and of someone whose son ''then leuen uerloren hauodo'', “had lost his life”.^(ONW)^(EWN) In Middle Dutch it appears in 1201–1225 on the Lower Rhine, of a woman who has lost her virginity.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch used the verb for losing a possession, a friend's love, a person through death, power over a land, and of trees losing their fruit (1287); it also meant “to be defeated”, as in ''Mar si verloren tspel'', “but they lost the fight” (1285).^(VMNW)^(EWN) From the sense “to be defeated” the participle ''verloren'' developed as an adjective meaning “ruined, wretched” and “vain, useless”, as in ''verloren moeite'' “wasted effort”.^(EWN)

+

+ ''Eén verloren, tien verkoren'', “one lost, ten chosen”, was said when a customer or a lover left (1544).^(WNT) ''Ergens een broer aan verloren hebben'' meant “to loathe something” (1784), a variant of ''ergens een broertje aan dood hebben'', from an illness of which a brother had died.^(WNT)^(Stoett 1923) ''Zich verliezen in'' “to lose oneself in” has been called both a gallicism and a germanism.^(De Vreese 1899)^(Theissen 1978)^(Van der Sijs 2005) In Belgium the verb is also conjugated with ''zijn'' when it has no object.^(WNT)

+

+ Scandinavian sailors took the word from Dutch or Low German: Danish ''forlise'' and Swedish ''förlisa'' mean “to be shipwrecked”.^(Van der Sijs 2010) Negerhollands had ''verlies'', and Afrikaans has [[m|af|verloor]].^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1151–1200 – Old Dutch ''farliesan'' in the Rhineland rhymed Bible.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1201–1225 – Middle Dutch ''verliesen'' on the Lower Rhine.^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1240 – ''Verlisen'' glosses Latin ''amittere'' in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Si verloren tspel'' “they lost the fight”.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1544 – ''Een verloren, ses ander vercoren''.^(WNT)

+ * 1784 – ''Ergens een broer aan verloren hebben'' “to loathe something”.^(WNT)

+ * 1899 – De Vreese calls ''zich verliezen in gissingen'' a gallicism.^(De Vreese 1899)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|lose]] a game or contest, be beaten: ''Ons team verloor met drie doelpunten verschil.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To make a loss in trade: ''Hij verloor flink op zijn aandelen.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # To no longer have something or someone: ''Ze heeft haar portemonnee verloren.'' ''Het gezicht verliezen'' is “to go blind”.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # To waste: ''Hij verloor een uur met wachten.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verlies]]

+ * [[verliezer]]

+ * [[verloren]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[los]]

+ * [[en|forlorn]]

+ * [[de|verlieren]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}