iemand Dutch · revision 37203

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Egmond)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈi.mɑnt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iemand''' (genitive iemands)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|ieman]], [[inh|odt|ieman]], a compound found only in continental West Germanic.^(EWN)^(ONW)^(Wiktionary) The first part is the Middle Dutch adverb [[m|dum|ie|t=ever, always]], also found in [[ieder]], and the second is [[man]] in its old sense “human being”, so that the word meant “ever a man”, any person at all.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(WNT) Wiktionary traces the parts to [[gmw-pro|*aiw]] and [[m|gmw-pro|*mann]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The same compound is [[osx|eoman]], [[goh|ioman]] (Middle High German [[m|gmh|ieman]], modern [[de|jemand]]) and [[ofs|ammon]] (modern [[fy|immen]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The final ⟨-d⟩ is a later addition, the so-called paragogic ⟨t⟩, and iemand is one of the oldest Dutch words to show it; compare [[arend]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''ieman'' is first found around 1100 in the Egmond paraphrase of the Song of Songs: ''thaz mich ieman siner minnon irre'', “that anyone should lead me astray from his love”.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''iemen'' appears in a Ghent charter of 1236, and ''ieman'' around 1240.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|173)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the pronoun was at first used mainly in questions, conditions and negative sentences, translating Latin ''ullus'' and ''quisquam'', and it was fully declined.^(MNW)^(WNT) The form with ''-t'', ''imant'', appears in 1285–1286.^(EWN) Of the old case forms only the genitive ''iemands'' survives.^(WNT) Middle Dutch said ''iemen goeder'' “someone good” with a partitive genitive, and on that model modern Dutch has ''iemand anders'' and ''iemand vreemds''.^(WNT)^(MNW)

+

+ Isaac Vos's play ''Iemant en Niemant'' (1645) made the pronoun and its opposite into characters.^(WNT) Dialect forms include ''iemes'' and North Holland ''iemet''; in Maastricht ''iemes'' is still used.^(WNT)^(Aarts 2017) In Jewish Dutch ''iemand'' was used for a general “one, you”.^(Van de Kamp 2006) The word lives on in Afrikaans ''iemand'' and was borrowed into Negerhollands as ''imand''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''ieman'' appears in the Egmond paraphrase of the Song of Songs.^(ONW)^(EWN)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''iemen'' appears in a Ghent charter.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1285–1286 – The form with ''-t'', ''imant'', is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1539 – The inflected dative ''yemande'' is still in use.^(WNT)

+ * 1645 – Isaac Vos's play ''Iemant en Niemant'' is published.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|someone]], somebody, some person or other: ''Er staat iemand voor de deur.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|anyone]], anybody, any person to whom the context applies: ''Heeft iemand mijn bril gezien?''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A particular person not named: ''een zeker iemand''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ieder]]

+ * [[niemand]]

+ * [[man]]

+ * [[de|jemand]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ The genitive ''iemands'' is used before a noun, as in ''iemands fiets''; otherwise ''van iemand'' is used.^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}