jaar Dutch · revision 37176

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *yóh₁r̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /jaːr/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jaar''' ''n'' (plural jaren, diminutive jaartje n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|jaer]], [[inh|odt|jār]], [[inh|gem-pro|*jērą|alt=*jēra-|t=year]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013)^(ONW) The same word is [[osx|jār]], [[goh|jār]] (modern [[de|Jahr]]), [[ofs|gēr]] (modern [[fy|jier]]), [[ang|gēar]] (modern [[en|year]]), [[non|ár]] (modern [[sv|år]]) and [[got|𐌾𐌴𐍂|tr=jēr]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(Kroonen 2013)

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+ Outside Germanic it is related to [[la|hōrnus|t=of this year]], from an older ⟨*hō-iōr-inos⟩ and unrelated to [[m|la|annus|t=year]], and to [[grc|ὧρος|tr=hôros|t=year]] and [[m|grc|ὥρα|tr=hṓrā|t=season, time]], the source of [[uur]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Also related are [[ae|yār-|t=year]] and [[cs|jaro|t=spring]], from [[ine-pro|*yóh₁r̥|alt=*ieh₁-r-]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen reconstructs a static Indo-European paradigm with a nominative in ⟨-r⟩ and a genitive in ⟨-n-⟩, an alternation Avestan has kept.^(Kroonen 2013) A link with the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₁ei-|t=to go]], as if the year were “a course”, is often proposed, but the EWN thinks it unlikely and Franck–Van Wijk call it uncertain.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ The word belonged to a class of neuter monosyllables with a long syllable that had no plural ending in the earliest Middle Dutch, like [[been]].^(EWN) This still shows after numerals (see Usage notes).^(EWN)^(WNT)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old Dutch ''jār'' first appears in the 10th-century Wachtendonck Psalms, in the sense of the years of a life: ''jar sina untes an dag cunnis in cunnis'', “his years unto the day of generation and generation”.^(ONW)^(EWN) Middle Dutch ''iaer'' is found in a charter of 1236, and Limburg glosses of about 1240 render Latin ''triennium'' as ''van drien iaren'', “of three years”.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(VMNW)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|178)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Thirteenth-century charters date themselves by formulas such as ''int jar ons heren'', “in the year of our Lord”.^(VMNW) In Middle Dutch ''een goet jaer'' was a blessing, and ''een quaet jaer'' “a bad year” a curse, as in ''Mamet gheve u een quaet jaer'' (about 1325).^(MNW) Coornhert still wrote ''Dat Godt U ende hem een quaet jaer moet gheven'' in 1564.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) The phrase ''jaar en dag'' “a long time” comes from medieval law, in which rights lapsed after a year and a day.^(Stoett 1923)

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+ ''De jaren dertig'' and similar names of decades, and ''vorig jaar'' “last year”, are translations of German ''die dreißiger Jahre'' and ''voriges Jahr''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) Among Dutch Jews ''hij is in het jaar'' meant that someone was in the year of mourning for a parent, and ''door het jaar'' meant the rest of the year as opposed to Passover.^(Beem 1974)

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+ Dutch passed the word to Negerhollands (''jaer''), Berbice Dutch (''jari'') and Sranan Tongo ([[srn|yari]]), and through Sranan to Aukan, Saramaccan and Caribbean Javanese.^(Van der Sijs 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''jār'' appears in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(ONW)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1236 – Middle Dutch ''iaer'' “twelve months” is recorded in a charter.^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|178)

+ * c. 1240 – Limburg glosses translate Latin ''triennium'' as ''van drien iaren''.^(VMNW)

+ * c. 1325 – ''Een quaet jaer'' is used as a curse.^(MNW)

+ * 1564 – Coornhert writes ''een quaet jaer moet gheven''.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+ * 1805 – The regional word ''jaar'' “udder” is recorded.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|year]], a period of twelve months.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)^(ANW) ''Ze woont al drie jaar in Gent.'' ''Sinds jaar en dag'' means for a very long time.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A calendar year, from 1 January to 31 December;^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW) ''de jaren dertig'' and the like name the decades of a century.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # ''(astronomy)'' The time a planet takes to go once round the sun.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A year group of students; those who began or finished a course in the same year.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[eindejaar]]

+ * [[jarig]]

+ * [[minderjarig]]

+ * [[najaar]]

+ * [[schrikkeljaar]]

+ * [[voorjaar]]

+ * [[meerderjarig]]

+ * [[derdejaars]]

+ * [[eerstejaars]]

+ * [[jaarboek]]

+ * [[jaardag]]

+ * [[jaareinde]]

+ * [[jaargang]]

+ * [[jaarlijks]]

+ * [[jaarling]]

+ * [[bejaard]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[uur]]

+ * [[en|year]]

+ * [[de|Jahr]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ After a numeral the singular is normal (''twee jaar''), but the plural is used with adjectives such as ''vele'' and ''lange''.^(EWN)^(WNT) A separate regional ''jaar'' “udder”, recorded in North Holland and Frisian, belongs with [[jadder]].^(WNT) Stoett records the proverb ''alle dagen een draadje is een hemdsmouw in het jaar'', which praises steady work and has a medieval forerunner.^(Stoett 1923)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}