tijd Dutch · revision 37161

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=gem-pro *tīdiz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /tɛi̯t/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tijd''' ''m or f'' (plural tijden, diminutive tijdje n)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the 19th and 20th centuries ''tijd'' was masculine, but before that it could also be feminine, as fixed phrases show: ''ten tijde van'' and ''destijds'' beside ''indertijd'' and ''tegelijkertijd''.^(Wiktionary)^(VMNW)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|tijt]], [[inh|odt|tīt]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*tīdi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*tīdiz|t=time]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|tīd]], [[goh|zīt]] (modern [[de|Zeit]]), [[ofs|tīd]] (modern [[fy|tiid]]), [[ang|tīd]] (modern [[en|tide]], which now means only the tide of the sea) and [[non|tíð]] (modern [[sv|tid]]).^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) Beside it stood a Germanic form with another suffix, [[gem-pro|*tīmô|alt=*tīman-]], the source of [[ang|tīma]] (modern [[en|time]]) and [[non|tími]].^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)^(De Vries 1971)

+

+ Both are probably abstract nouns from the root [[ine-pro|*deh₂-|alt=*deh₂(i)-|t=to divide]], the root of [[grc|δαίομαι|tr=daíomai|t=to divide]]: time would first have been “what is divided off” or “allotted”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) Kroonen writes the noun [[ine-pro|*déh₂itis|alt=*dh₂i-tí-]] and compares the Norse verb [[m|non|tíða|t=to strive]], which may keep an older meaning.^(Kroonen 2013) De Vries found the explanation rather abstract, and De Vries and De Tollenaere also allow a root meaning “to stretch”, as in a “span” of time.^(De Vries 1971)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004|384)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century already have the word for a period, ''tit uuala te likene'' “a time of favour”, and ''ne faruuirp mi an tide eldi'', “cast me not off in the time of old age”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Around 1100 the Leiden Willeram uses it for the right moment: ''thes neis nogh niet zid'', “it is not yet time for that”.^(EWN)^(ONW) Both main senses, a stretch of time and a point in time, are thus Old Dutch.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle Dutch the word was very frequent, for time as such, the right moment, a duration, a period, an occasion, a season and a lifetime, and phrases such as ''te allen tiden'' meant “always”.^(VMNW)^(EWN) From it came adverbs such as [[altijd]], [[destijds]] and [[tijdens]], and with the prefix ''ge-'' the collective [[getijde]].^(EWN)

+

+ Grammarians used ''tijd'' for a verb tense from the 16th century, translating Latin ''tempus'': ''tyt'' in 1568, ''den tegenwoordigen tijdt'' “the present tense” in 1571 and ''verleden tyd'' in 1584.^(EWN) Several modern phrases are calques: ''de tijd doden'' from English “to kill time”, ''de goede oude tijd'' from French ''le bon vieux temps'' and ''het is de hoogste tijd'' from German ''es ist die höchste Zeit''.^(Van der Sijs 2005) ''Tijd is geld'' translates the English 18th-century proverb “time is money”, and the ''komkommertijd'', “cucumber time”, is the slack summer season in trade.^(Stoett 1923)

+

+ ''O mijn tijd!'' and ''lieve tijd!'' are mild oaths in which ''tijd'' stands in for ''hemel'' or God, recorded from 1781.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001) In Surinamese Dutch ''mijn tijd!'' is still a cry of surprise.^(Van Donselaar 1989) The word passed into Negerhollands (''tied''), Berbice Dutch (''titi''), Javindo (''tet'') and Chinese Malay (''tèt'' “on time”).^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – Old Dutch ''tit'' “period” in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1100 – ''Zid'' “the right moment” in the Leiden Willeram.^(EWN)^(ONW)

+ * c. 1200 – First Middle Dutch record, from Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1568 – ''Tyt'' is first used for a verb tense.^(EWN)

+ * 1612 – Time is personified as ''de oude Tydt''.^(WNT)

+ * 1781 – The oath ''o mijn tijd'' appears.^(Van Sterkenburg 2001)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|time]], the continuous passing of events, measured in seconds, hours and years.^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The right or appointed moment: ''Het wordt tijd om te vertrekken.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ONW)

+ # A [[m|en|period]], a stretch of time: ''Ze heeft een tijd in Gent gewoond.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(ANW)

+ # ''(sports)'' The time an athlete takes to finish a course.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # An [[m|en|age]] or era: ''in de tijd van de Romeinen''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # A recurring season or hour for something, as in ''etenstijd''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(grammar)'' A [[m|en|tense]] of the verb.^(Van Dale 2014)^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(geology)'' A unit of time one rank below a period.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[deeltijd]]

+ * [[destijds]]

+ * [[komkommertijd]]

+ * [[tegelijkertijd]]

+ * [[tijdens]]

+ * [[getijde]]

+ * [[maaltijd]]

+ * [[arbeidstijd]]

+ * [[bedtijd]]

+ * [[bloeitijd]]

+ * [[bronstijd]]

+ * [[bronsttijd]]

+ * [[eertijds]]

+ * [[etenstijd]]

+ * [[gelijktijdig]]

+ * [[altijd]]

+ * [[tij]]

+ * [[hoogtij]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|tide]]

+ * [[en|time]]

+ * [[de|Zeit]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Bij tijd en wijle'' means “now and then”, and ''de tand des tijds'' is the wear of time.^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}