keer Dutch · revision 37144

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1265–1270, Middle Dutch (Brabant)}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /keːr/, [kɪːr]^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''keer''' ''m'' (plural keren, diminutive keertje n)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|keer]], a noun formed from the verb [[keren]] “to turn”.^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Wiktionary) The same formation is [[gml|kēr]], [[goh|kēr|t=turn]] and [[ang|ċierr|t=turn, time, occasion]], the source of [[en|chore]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) Its development from “turn” to “time, occasion” is like that of [[werf]] and of English [[m|en|turn]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ De Vries and Van Haeringen reject Dupont's idea that the noun in ⟨te keer gaan⟩ “to rage” has a separate source, akin to [[karig]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Haeringen 1936)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle Dutch ''keer'' “turning, change, return” is first recorded in Brabant in 1265–1270: ''sonder kir'' “without detours” and ''heuet haren kir genomen'', “has gone away”.^(EWN)^(VMNW) A West Flemish text of 1287 uses it of the twisted horns of the wisent.^(VMNW)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle Dutch ''keer'' had a rich range of senses: a turn or bend, the course of the stars, a change, a direction, a manner and an occasion, as in ''sochten in meneghen kere'', “sought in many ways”, and ''God andworde ten kere'', “God answered in his turn” (1285).^(EWN)^(VMNW)^(MNW) ''In enen kere'' “once” is recorded in 1300–1325.^(EWN)

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+ In early modern Dutch ''het is nu mijnen keer'' meant “it is my turn now” (1573), and ''den eersten keer'' “the first time” is found in 1669.^(EWN) Little of the old range survives: today ''keer'' mostly means “time”, usually after a numeral.^(EWN) The sense “turn, change” remains in fixed phrases such as ''een keer nemen'' and the proverb ''gedane zaken nemen geen keer'', “what is done cannot be undone”.^(EWN)^(Stoett 1923) ''Te keer gaan'' first meant to resist something, then to rage.^(MNW)^(De Vries 1971)

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+ ''Een keer'' has also become a modal particle that softens an utterance, like ''eens'': ''zoodat hij wel eens een keer vergeefs kan loopen'' (1858).^(EWN) This happened especially in southern Dutch dialects.^(EWN) The word passed through French dialects into Basque as ''kera'' “appearance”.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1265–1270 – Middle Dutch ''kir'' “turn, return” is first recorded.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1285 – ''Ten kere'' “in turn”.^(EWN)

+ * 1300–1325 – ''In enen kere'' “once”.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – ''Het is nu mijnen keer'' “it is my turn now”.^(EWN)

+ * 1669 – ''Den eersten keer'' “the first time”.^(EWN)

+ * 1858 – ''Een keer'' as a softening particle.^(EWN)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|time]], occasion, instance: ''Ik heb het hem drie keer gezegd.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|turn]], change, reversal: ''een keer nemen'', to take a turn.^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[keerteken]]

+ * [[letterkeer]]

+ * [[keer op keer]]

+ * [[binnen de kortste keren]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[keren]]

+ * [[en|chore]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ In Limburg dialects ''keer'' or ''kèèr'' means a fruit stone or a marble; it is a form of [[kern]] with the ⟨n⟩ lost.^(Weijnen 2003)^(Debrabandere 2011) An old phrase ''aan keer staan'', of a door, means “to stand ajar”.^(WNT)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}