over Dutch · revision 37096

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=901–1000, Wachtendonck Psalms|origins=ine-pro *upo}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈoː.vər/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''over'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|over|alt=ōver]], [[inh|odt|ovir]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*obar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*uber]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|obar|alt=oƀar]], [[goh|ubar]] (modern [[de|über]]), [[ofs|over]], [[ang|ofer]] (modern [[en|over]]), [[non|yfir]] (modern [[sv|över]]) and [[got|𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂|tr=ufar]].^(EWN)^(De Vries 1971)^(Kroonen 2013) The EWN reconstructs the Germanic form as ⟨*uberi⟩.^(EWN)

+

+ Outside Germanic it matches [[grc|ὑπέρ|tr=hupér|t=above]], [[sa|उपरि|tr=upári]], [[sga|for|t=over]] and [[la|super|t=above]], whose ⟨s-⟩ is unexplained.^(EWN)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) These go back to [[ine-pro|*upér]], a derivative with ⟨-r⟩ of [[ine-pro|*upo|t=under, up from below]], which also gave [[op]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) De Vries took the suffix to be perhaps a comparative, and Van Veen and Van der Sijs call ⟨over⟩ possibly a comparative of ⟨op⟩.^(De Vries 1971)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997) The same base without the suffix is seen in [[m|got|𐌿𐍆|tr=uf|t=under]] and [[m|grc|ὑπό|tr=hupó|t=under]].^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912) The word belongs with [[boven]], [[euvel]] and [[veroveren]].^(De Vries 1971)^(WNT)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The preposition is first recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms of the 10th century, in ''ouir alla ertha'' “over all the earth”.^(EWN) In place names it appears earlier still, as in ''Uueromeri'' (Overmeer, North Holland) in a record dated 918, where it means “upper, upstream”.^(ONW)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word first expressed that something is on the upper side of something else, at rest or in motion, and its figurative senses grew from that.^(WNT) In Old Dutch it is found only as the first part of place names.^(ONW) Middle Dutch used it as an adverb for “more than”, “on the far side”, “onwards”, “during”, “used up” and “again”, and as a preposition also for “towards”, “after” (a stretch of time), “about” and “because of”.^(VMNW)^(Wiktionary) An adjective ''over'' “upper” is recorded in Mechelen in 1291.^(VMNW)

+

+ In ''overgrootvader'' (1567 ''ouer groot vader'') the prefix means “beyond”.^(EWN) In the speech of Amsterdam Jews the preposition was also used in the sense “because of”.^(Beem 1974)^(Van de Kamp 2006) In radio talk ''over'' signals that the other party may speak.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ The word went abroad with Dutch: Afrikaans ''oor'', Negerhollands ''over'', Berbice Dutch and Sranan ''ofru'', Papiamentu ''ofer''.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010) Indonesian took ''oper'' from Dutch separable verbs such as ''overgeven'' and ''overnemen'', for passing a ball and taking over a business, and Swedish ''till övers för'' may come from Dutch or Low German ''overhebben voor''.^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 901–1000 – ''Ouir alla ertha'' “over all the earth” is recorded in the Wachtendonck Psalms.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 918 – The place name ''Uueromeri'', Overmeer, is recorded.^(ONW)

+ * 1200 – The Middle Dutch preposition is recorded in Limburg.^(VMNW)

+ * 1240 – The adverb ''ouer'' “on the far side, past” appears.^(EWN)^(VMNW)

+ * 1291 – An adjective ''over'' “upper” is recorded in Mechelen.^(VMNW)

+ * 1567 – ''Ouer groot vader'' “great-grandfather” appears.^(EWN)

+ * 1573 – ''Overgrootvader'' and ''overgrootmoeder'' are recorded.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # Across or along a [[m|en|surface]]: ''Ze schaatsten over het meer.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Covering something: ''Hij trok een laken over de meubels.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # On the other side of: ''Over de grens ligt een groot bos.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # By way of, [[m|en|via]]: ''We rijden over Breda naar Antwerpen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+ # After a stated time, in: ''Over drie dagen is het vakantie.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # During, spread over a period: ''Over het hele jaar viel weinig sneeuw.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # [[m|en|about|alt=About]], concerning: ''Ze schreef een boek over uilen.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Because of: ''Hij klaagde over de herrie.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Above, past: ''Een zwerm ganzen vloog over het dorp.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # More than: ''Mijn oom is ver over de zeventig.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(WikiWoordenboek)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # From one place to another: ''Gooi de bal maar over.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # On the other side; in radio talk, signalling the end of a turn, as in ''over en uit''.^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Left, [[m|en|remaining]]: ''Er is nog wat taart over.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Past, finished: ''De storm is over.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[overal]]

+ * [[overheid]]

+ * [[overig]]

+ * [[overblijven]]

+ * [[overbrengen]]

+ * [[overdragen]]

+ * [[overdrijven]]

+ * [[overgeven]]

+ * [[overkomen]]

+ * [[overleggen]]

+ * [[overleveren]]

+ * [[overlopen]]

+ * [[overnemen]]

+ * [[overgrootvader]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[over-]]

+ * [[op]]

+ * [[boven]]

+ * [[euvel]]

+ * [[veroveren]]

+ * [[en|over]]

+ * [[de|über]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Iets over zich hebben'' “to have a certain air about one” goes back to Middle Dutch, where ''iet over hem hebben'' was common.^(Stoett 1923)^(Van Dale 2014) In cricket ''de over'' is a series of six balls from one bowler.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}