nog Dutch · revision 37084

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 1100, Old Dutch (Willeram)|origins=ine-pro *nu, ine-pro *-kʷe}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /nɔx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''nog'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|dum|noch]], [[inh|odt|noh|t=until now, still]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*noh]], [[inh|gem-pro|*nuh|t=still]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary) It was made from [[gem-pro|*nu|t=now]] (see [[nu]]) and the reinforcing particle ⟨*-(u)h⟩ “and”, going back to [[ine-pro|*nu-kʷe|t=and now]].^(EWN)^(Wiktionary)^(De Vries 1971) The second element, [[ine-pro|*-kʷe|t=and, also]], is the same as [[la|-que]], [[grc|τε|tr=te]], [[sa|च|tr=ca]] and the Old Irish suffix ⟨-ch⟩.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004) The same word is [[osx|noh]], [[goh|noh]] (modern [[de|noch]]), [[ofs|noch]] and [[got|𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌷|tr=nauh]].^(EWN)^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ In Middle Dutch the word was spelled ⟨noch⟩, like the conjunction [[noch|t=nor]]; the modern spelling with ⟨g⟩ was introduced only to tell the two apart.^(Van Veen & Van der Sijs 1997)^(De Vries 1971)^(Franck & Van Wijk 1912)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word is first recorded about 1100 in the Willeram, as in ''unse suster is nogh weinigh'', “our sister is still young”.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001) Given its make-up, the original sense was temporal, “and now”: up to and including the present, or from now into the near future.^(EWN)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Already in the earliest Middle Dutch the word also meant “moreover, in addition”, and it strengthened comparatives, as in ''noch blider dan'', “even happier than” (1220–1240).^(EWN) ''Noch eens'' “once more” is recorded in 1265–1270.^(EWN)

+

+ The WNT's quotations show ''tot noch toe'' “until now” (1568), ''noch niet'' “not yet” (1616) and ''nog maar'' “only” (1778).^(WNT) Modern Dutch uses the word for continuation, addition, repetition and the future, and also to express impatience or surprise; in Belgium it can mean “also, likewise”.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ Afrikaans has ''nog'', Berbice Dutch ''noko'' and Skepi Dutch ''nug'', and West Frisian ''noch'' has the same sense.^(Wiktionary)^(Van der Sijs 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1100 – Old Dutch ''noh'' “still” is recorded in the Willeram.^(EWN)^(Van der Sijs 2001)

+ * 1200 – Middle Dutch ''nog'' appears: ''als er nog uele decke dut'', “as he still very often does”.^(EWN)^(De Vries & De Tollenaere 2004)

+ * 1220–1240 – ''Noch'' strengthens a comparative: ''noch blider dan''.^(EWN)

+ * 1265–1270 – ''Noch eens'' “once more” is recorded.^(EWN)

+ * 1568 – ''Tot noch toe'' “until now” is quoted.^(WNT)

+ * 1616 – ''Noch niet'' “not yet” is quoted.^(WNT)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|still]], up to this moment: ''Ze woont nog bij haar ouders.''^(Van Dale 2014)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a negation: [[m|en|yet]]: ''Hij is er nog niet.''^(Wiktionary)^(WNT)

+ # [[m|en|more]], in addition: ''Wil je nog koffie?''^(Wiktionary)^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Strengthening a comparative: even: ''Het werd nog kouder.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # Again, marking a repetition: ''Zeg dat nog eens.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # In the future, eventually: ''Dat komt nog wel goed.''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # With a time: as recently as, or as early as: ''Gisteren sprak ik hem nog.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # Expressing impatience: ''Komt er nog wat van?''^(Van Dale 2014)

+ # ''(Belgium)'' Also, likewise.^(Van Dale 2014)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nochtans]]

+ * [[nogmaals]]

+ * [[nogal]]

+ * [[alsnog]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nu]]

+ * [[noch]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}