iugalis Latin · revision 32714

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81/79–52/50 BC, Catullus|origins=ine-pro *(H)iugo-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [jʊˈɡaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [juˈɡaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''iugālis''' (neuter iugāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Inscriptions and manuscripts also spell it with ''c'' for ''g''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|iugum|-ālis|t1=yoke]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)^(TLL) De Vaan lists [[m|la|iugum]] under [[iungo|alt=iungō]] “to join, yoke” and traces it to [[ine-pro|*(H)iugo-|t=yoke]], comparing [[hit|iūk-|t=yoke, pair]] and [[grc|ζεύγνυμι|tr=zeúgnumi]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Catullus,^(Köbler 2010) who uses it of the marriage torches.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of beasts it is bearing or used to the yoke: Curtius has a great number of yoke horses and pack animals, and in Virgil ⟨iugālēs⟩ is a pair of yoked horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Celsus calls a bone near the ear ⟨os iugāle⟩, the cheekbone, from the same likeness as the Greek name.^(OLD 2012) From the yoke of marriage it is matrimonial: Virgil has a resolve not to join oneself to anyone in the bond of marriage.^(OLD 2012) Church Latin glosses it of a yoke, connecting.^(Stelten 1995) In Late and medieval Latin it is used as a noun for a husband or wife, and in the plural for a married couple.^(Niermeyer 1976) Köbler also records it in Cyprian.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus of marriage torches.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of a team of horses and of the bond of marriage.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus of the cheekbone.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st century AD – Curtius of yoke horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a [[m|en|yoke]], yoked together, used to the yoke.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''os iugāle'', the [[m|en|cheekbone]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of marriage, [[m|en|matrimonial]], nuptial.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(plural)'' A team of horses.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(Late and Medieval Latin)'' A husband, wife;^(Niermeyer 1976) ''(plural)'' a married couple.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[iugālitās]]

+ * [[subiugālis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[iugum]]

+ * [[coniugalis|alt=coniugālis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}