turbatus Latin · revision 32464

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la turba}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''turbātus''', turbāta, turbātum; comparative turbātior^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is the participle of [[m|la|turbō|t=to disturb, agitate]], used as an adjective.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010) De Vaan lists [[m|la|turbō]] among the derivatives of [[m|la|turba|t=turmoil, crowd]]; he finds the usual connection with [[sa|त्वरते|tr=tvarate|t=hurries]] very uncertain and suggests instead a link with [[grc|στρέφω|tr=stréphō|t=to turn]] through [[ine-pro|*(s)tr̥bʰ-h₂-|t=turmoil]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Cicero, who writes of the wishes of the people tossed this way and that.^(Köbler 2010)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means in a state of disorder or turmoil, troubled or turbulent, and is the opposite of [[tranquillus]] and [[placidus]].^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Livy and Suetonius use it of a rough sea.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) Figuratively it is disturbed or confused: Livy has a man confused in eyes and mind, Silius one troubled in spirit, and Seneca says no passion has a more disturbed face than anger.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010) Virgil uses it of an angered Pallas.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) Church Latin glosses it disturbed, agitated, disordered, confused.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of the shifting wishes of the people.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of a man confused in eyes and mind.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca the Younger of the face of anger.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # In disorder or turmoil, [[m|en|troubled]], [[m|en|turbulent]]; of the sea, rough.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010)

+ # Disturbed, agitated, confused.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Angered.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[turbo|alt=turbō]]

+ * [[turba]]

+ * [[perturbatus|alt=perturbātus]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}