incultus Latin · revision 31295

+ {{homograph|1|uncultivated}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=ine-pro *kʷelh₁-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋˈkʊɫ.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈkul.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''incultus''' (feminine inculta, neuter incultum, comparative incultior); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The adjective “uncultivated” is formed from [[m|la|in-|t=not]] and [[m|la|cultus|t=tilled, tended]], the participle of [[m|la|colō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan derives [[m|la|colō|t=to till, inhabit, tend]] from [[itc-pro|*kʷele/o-]] and [[ine-pro|*kʷelh₁-e/o-|t=to go round]], cognate with [[sa|चरति|tr=cárati|t=moves, walks]] and [[grc|πέλομαι|tr=pélomai|t=to move, be]].^(de Vaan 2008) Varro already discussed its origin.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL's earliest example is the comparative in a speech of Cato;^(TLL) Köbler gives Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who speaks of sowing “as in uncultivated and abandoned ground”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of land it is untilled or uncultivated, as in Cicero, of tracks overgrown, as Cicero's “wild and untended road”, and of plants growing wild, as Virgil's grape hanging from wild brambles.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of people's appearance it is unkempt or squalid, as Cicero's man “unkempt, rough and sad”, and of things unadorned, as Propertius' bare shrine.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Of people and their ways it is lacking culture, rough or uncouth, as Cicero's “rustic and uncouth thrift”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “untilled”.^(Stelten 1995) Köbler finds it in charters and medieval authors such as Walahfrid and Widukind.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato has the comparative.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of untilled ground and uncouth thrift.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of wild brambles.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Untilled, [[m|en|uncultivated]]; overgrown; growing wild.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Unkempt, squalid; unadorned.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Lacking refinement, rough, [[m|en|uncouth]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ {{homograph|2|neglect}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=86–34 BC, Sallust|origins=ine-pro *kʷelh₁-e/o-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɪŋˈkʊɫ.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈkul.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''incultus''' ''m'' (genitive incultūs); fourth declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The noun “neglect” is formed from [[m|la|in-|t=not]] and the fourth-declension noun [[m|la|cultus|t=cultivation, care]], from the same verb [[m|la|colō]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler gives Sallust as its first author,^(Köbler 2010) who describes the Tullianum prison as foul and terrible from neglect, darkness and stench.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is an uncultivated or unadorned state, as in Sallust, who also says men let their talent grow sluggish through neglect and sloth.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) It is also want of refinement or uncouthness, as Tacitus' mountain tribes, and neglect of a person or his claims, as in Livy.^(OLD 2012) Lewis and Short note that it is not in Cicero or Caesar.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 86–34 BC – Sallust of a neglected prison.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of neglected honours.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus of uncouth mountain peoples.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An uncultivated or unadorned state; [[m|en|neglect]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Want of refinement, uncouthness.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Disregard (of a person or his claims).^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[colō]]

+ * [[cultus]]

+ * [[cultūra]]

+ * [[agrestis]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}