bello Latin · revision 31272

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=220–130 BC, Pacuvius|origins=la bellum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈbɛl.loː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈbɛl.lo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bellō''' (present infinitive bellāre, perfect active bellāvī, supine bellātum); first conjugation, no passive^(Wiktionary)

+ A deponent ''bellor'' is also found, noted by Servius and Priscian.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[m|la|bellum|t=war]] with the verb suffix [[m|la|-ō]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The noun is older ⟨duellum⟩, still in Plautus; de Vaan discusses why ⟨du-⟩ was kept in [[m|la|perduellis|t=public enemy]] and the change to ⟨b-⟩ elsewhere, but gives no further etymology.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Pacuvius has “I am fit for fighting, exposing my life in the crowded battle line”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It is to wage war, as Cicero's “it was the way of the Roman people to make war far from home”, also with a cognate object, as in Livy, and of animals, as Virgil's fighting bulls that are not stalled together.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Figuratively it is to be at variance or struggle, as Statius' goddesses.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ It is also to take part in war or a battle, to fight, as in Pacuvius, of young bulls fighting with their foreheads, of pieces in a board game, and in Statius of boxing.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) Ancient glossaries render it with [[grc|πολεμέω|tr=poleméō|t=to make war]] and ''dīmicāre'', ''pugnāre''.^(TLL) Church Latin glosses it “wage war, fight, war, battle”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 220–130 BC – Pacuvius of fighting in the battle line.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero of making war far from home.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil of fighting bulls.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 45–96 AD – Statius of boxing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|wage war|alt=wage war]], make war.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # To fight, take part in a battle;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of animals)'' to fight;^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995) ''(of boxing)'' to fight.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To struggle, contend, be at variance.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bellor]]

+ * [[dēbellō]]

+ * [[rebellō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bellum]]

+ * [[bellātor]]

+ * [[bellicus]]

+ * [[pugnō]]

+ * [[mīlitō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}