totus Latin · revision 2930

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|attested=Livius Andronicus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈtoː.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɔː.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''tōtus''' (feminine tōta, neuter tōtum); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal declension)^(Wiktionary)

+ It has the pronominal genitive ''tōtīus'' and dative ''tōtī''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The origin is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008)^(Wiktionary) The OLD suggests *towetos, from the root of [[tumeo|alt=tumeō]] “to swell”, close to Walde–Hofmann's “stuffed”, but de Vaan finds the change of meaning from “stuffed” to “whole” unconvincing.^(OLD 2012)^(de Vaan 2008)^(Georges 1913) He also rejects Zimmer's *to-yet-o- “standing firm” as no more plausible.^(de Vaan 2008) Wiktionary suggests a link with [[osc|touto|t=people, community]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livius Andronicus onwards,^(de Vaan 2008) who writes of crowds that flood “the whole plain”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant the [[m|en|whole]] of something as distinct from a part, every part of it, and in the ablative “throughout”, as Plautus' ''tota urbe'' “all over the city”.^(OLD 2012) Of a person it meant wholly taken up, as Plautus' ''totus timeo'', “I am all fear”.^(OLD 2012) It also meant complete, undamaged, and in the plural all members of a group, as in Juvenal and Apuleius.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ Medieval Latin used the plural ''toti'' simply for “all”.^(Niermeyer 1976) It survives as Italian ''tutto'', Portuguese ''todo'', Romanian ''tot'' and Old French ''tot''.^(Wiktionary) English ''total'' comes from its Medieval Latin derivative ''totalis''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses ''tota urbe'' and ''totus timeo''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for a perfect whole made of perfect parts.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 67–c. 127 AD – Juvenal uses the plural for all.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''total'' comes from Medieval Latin ''totalis''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # The [[m|en|whole]] (of), all.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Every part of, entire.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(ablative)'' Throughout, all over.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Wholly (absorbed), all.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Complete, undamaged.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(plural)'' All.^(OLD 2012)^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[tōtālis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[integer]]

+ * [[omnis]]

+ * [[en|total]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A rare different word, ''tŏtus'' with a short ''o'', from [[tot]], means “such a number in order”, and Columella and Manilius use it.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}