desum Latin · revision 17896

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=ine-pro *h₁es-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈdeː.sũː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈdɛː.s̬um]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''dēsum''' (present infinitive deesse, perfect active dēfuī, future active participle dēfutūrus); irregular conjugation, suppletive, no passive, no supine stem except in the future active participle, no gerund^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus has the old subjunctive ''dēfuat'' and Cato ''dēsiet''.^(OLD 2012)

+ In verse ''dee-'' is usually pronounced as one syllable.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ The Tironian notes have ''difuit'', and a late text separates it as ''dē nōn sunt''.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed [[af|la|dē-|sum|t2=to be]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces [[m|la|sum]] to [[ine-pro|*h₁es-|t=to be]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Plautus has a curse: ''utinam vadēs dēsint, in carcere ut sīs'', “I wish you may lack sureties, so that you end up in prison”.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Dēesse'' is “to be wanting, lacking, not forthcoming” (of supplies, words, opportunities), and with the dative of a person “to fail, neglect one's duty to, leave unsupported”.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) Döderlein contrasts it with ''[[absum|alt=abesse]]'': ''abesse'' is absence from a place, ''dēesse'' an absence that leaves something incomplete.^(Döderlein 1874)

+

+ Church Latin glosses it “to fail, be wanting, be absent”.^(Stelten 1995)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ''utinam vadēs dēsint''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of straw running short on the farm.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero: ''nūllō locō dēfuī'', “I never failed him”.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To be [[m|en|lacking]], be wanting, be missing.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(with dative)'' To [[m|en|fail]], neglect, desert.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To fall short of, fail to obtain.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}