contrôle French · revision 17697

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=1367|origins=la contrā, la rotulus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɔ̃.tʁol/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''contrôle''' ''m'' (plural contrôles)^(Wiktionary)

+ First ''contrerooulle'' (1367), ''controlle'' (1422), ''controle'' (1611, Cotgrave), with the circumflex from the 18th century;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''contre-rôle'' lasted until about 1732.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a contraction of [[m|frm|contrerole]], formed from [[contre]] and [[rôle]] in its old legal sense “register”, a double register kept to check another; the word replaced Medieval Latin [[m|la-med|contrārotulus]] (1242).^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005) The loss of one syllable is a haplology, as in [[idolâtre]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary) That noun was borrowed from Medieval Latin [[m|la-med|rotulus|t=roll]], a diminutive of [[m|la|rota|t=wheel]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) The derivative [[contrôleur]] is recorded earlier, in 1292.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A royal account of Navarre (1367) has ''contrerooulle'' for a register kept in duplicate to check another.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By metonymy it took its modern sense, checking acts, rights and documents (1419), and spread into general use with the sense “supervision” (about 1580).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The army's ''contrôles'', the list of names of a corps, date from 1802 (''rayé des contrôles'').^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It named the hallmark stamped on gold and silver (1771), the place where tickets are checked in a theatre (1835) and the body of inspectors (1845).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In the 20th century, under the influence of English ''control'', it took the senses “self-control”, “mastery” (''perdre le contrôle'') and, in technology, checking that a machine works, as in ''contrôle technique'';^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) ''contrôle des naissances'' (about 1955) renders ''birth control''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Quebec French says ''sous contrôle'' for “well in hand”, after the English.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1292 – The derivative ''contrôleur''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1367 – ''Contrerooulle'', a duplicate register.^(TLFi)

+ * 1419 – ''Contreule'' “verification”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1422 – The form ''controlle''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1580 – “Supervision”.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1771 – The hallmark on gold and silver.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1802 – The army's ''contrôles''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1955 – ''Contrôle des naissances''.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|check|alt=Checking]], verification, inspection: ''contrôle d'identité'', ''contrôle des billets'', ''contrôle fiscal''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # ''(education)'' A test.^(Wiktionary)^(Le Robert)

+ # Supervision, power to direct.^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+ # [[m|en|control|alt=Control]], mastery: ''perdre le contrôle''; self-control.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # The office or place where checks are made: ''se présenter au contrôle''.^(Larousse)

+ # The hallmark on gold and silver work.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(military)'' The roll of a corps: ''rayé des contrôles''.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Contrôle des naissances'': birth control.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[contrôler]]

+ * [[contrôleur]]

+ * [[incontrôlable]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[rôle]]

+ * [[contre]]

+ * [[en|control]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}