gouvernement French · revision 17182

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=late 12th century, Sermons de saint Bernard (governement)|origins=grc κυβερνάω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡu.vɛʁ.nə.mɑ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''gouvernement''' ''m'' (plural gouvernements)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|fr|gouverner|-ment|t1=to steer, govern]].^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) Medieval Latin had “gubernamen” (11th century).^(TLFi) The verb is [[inh|la|gubernō|t=to steer a ship; to govern]], from [[grc|κυβερνάω|tr=kubernáō]], already used figuratively in Latin.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ Compare [[pro|governament]], [[es|gobernamiento]] and [[it|governamento]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Sermons'' of Saint Bernard (end of the 12th century) have ''governement'', the action or way of directing something or someone, there God's ruling of the world.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) Anglo-Norman had ''governement'' by about 1170.^(AND)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Brunetto Latini (about 1265) uses it for the exercise of political power over a people.^(TLFi) In the 15th century it named the territory under a governor (1462) and the office of governor (1461–66), and by 1463 rules and institutions.^(TLFi) Montaigne (1588) means the political system by which a state is ruled.^(TLFi) Montesquieu (1748) uses it for the power that directs the State, Rousseau (1762) for the supreme executive, and Zola (1887) for the ministers responsible to parliament, the main modern sense.^(TLFi) The old general sense of managing a household or goods is now dated.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * late 12th century – ''Governement'', ''Sermons de saint Bernard''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1265 – Political rule, Brunetto Latini.^(TLFi)

+ * 1462 – A governor's province.^(TLFi)

+ * 1588 – A form of government, Montaigne.^(TLFi)

+ * 1748 – The power that directs the State, Montesquieu.^(TLFi)

+ * 1762 – The executive power, Rousseau.^(TLFi)

+ * 1801 – ''Gouvernemental''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1887 – The cabinet responsible to parliament, Zola.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(dated)'' The management or direction of something: ''le gouvernement d'une maison''.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''(literary)'' The exercise of political power, [[m|en|rule]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # A form or system of government: ''gouvernement démocratique'', ''gouvernement parlementaire''.^(GLLF 1989)^(Larousse)

+ # The [[m|en|government]], the body that runs the State; in France the prime minister and ministers: ''former un gouvernement'', ''chef du gouvernement''.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(historical)'' A province ruled by a governor; the office of governor.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[gouvernemental]]

+ * [[gouvernementiste]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gouverner]]

+ * [[gouverneur]]

+ * [[gouvernail]]

+ * [[gouvernante]]

+ * [[la|gubernō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}