père French · revision 16300

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 10th century, Passion de Clermont|origins=ine-pro *ph₂tḗr}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Europe): [pɛːʁ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Quebec): [paɛ̯ʁ]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Louisiana): [pæɾ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''père''' ''m'' (plural pères)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French [[m|fro|paire]] (about 980), [[m|fro|pedre]] (about 1050) and [[m|fro|pere]] (1080); the Académie wrote ''pere'' in 1694 and 1718 and ''père'' from 1740.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|pedre]], [[inh|la|pater|t=father; founder; old man]] (accusative “patrem”), from [[itc-pro|*patēr]], from [[ine-pro|*ph₂tḗr]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|8, 8a) In Latin “pater” expressed above all a social and religious value, the head of the household, the “pater familias”, rather than physical fatherhood, for which Latin said [[m|la|genitor]]; it was used as a title of respect for men and gods, as in “Iuppiter”.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) Christian Latin applied it to God the creator, to bishops, to the Fathers of the Church and to monks.^(TLFi)

+

+ The Indo-European word is also seen in [[sa|पितृ|tr=pitṛ́]], [[grc|πατήρ|tr=patḗr]], [[got|𐍆𐌰𐌳𐌰𐍂|tr=fadar]] and [[en|father]]; a familiar word “*atta” replaced it in Hittite, Slavic and Gothic everyday use.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) Cognate with [[it|padre]], [[oc|paire]], [[ca|pare]], [[es|padre]] and [[pt|pai]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first found in the ''Passion de Clermont'' (late 10th century) as ''paire'', of God as creator and first person of the Trinity: ''devant lo paire gloriae''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Before the end of the 12th century the word had its basic senses: God addressed in prayer (''Deu ! perre'', 1080), the man who has begotten children (about 1050, ''Vie de saint Alexis''), one who acts as a father to another (about 1120), and a title in religious orders (1160–1174).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Père et mère'' is found about 1150, ''de père à fils'' in 1260 (''de père en fils'' in 1678), and ''père de famille'' in 1487, after Latin ''pater familias''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It is used of a male animal from about 1180.^(TLFi)

+

+ From the 13th century it also meant an ancestor (''Adam nostre premier pere''), a protector of a community, and, from 1519 the founder or initiator of something.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Le saint père'' “the Pope” dates from about 1350, ''les pères de l'Église'' from 1614 (already ''ancien Pere'' in Calvin, 1541), and ''le père'' with a name, for an old man, from 1764.^(TLFi)^(BHVF) In African French ''père'' may also mean a paternal uncle.^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 10th century – ''Paire'', of God, in the ''Passion de Clermont''.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1050 – ''Pedre'' “father” in the ''Vie de saint Alexis''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1080 – ''Pere'' in the ''Chanson de Roland''.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1160–1174 – Title of members of a religious order.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1350 – ''Le saint pere'' “the Pope”.^(TLFi)

+ * 1487 – ''Père de famille''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1519 – “Founder, originator”: ''le Père du mensonge''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1678 – ''De père en fils'' in La Fontaine.^(TLFi)

+ * 1764 – ''Père'' before a name, of an old man.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|father]], a man who has begotten or adopted a child.^(Larousse)^(Le Robert)

+ # A male animal in relation to its young; a [[m|en|sire]].^(TLFi)^(Larousse)

+ # A man who acts as a father to someone.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # The founder or originator of something: ''le père de la psychanalyse''.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # A title given to priests, ''les Pères de l'Église'', the Church Fathers.^(Larousse)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Dieu le Père'': God the Father.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Le père'' with a name: old man, used familiarly: ''le père Leroux''.^(TLFi)

+ # ''(Africa)'' A paternal uncle; any respected older man.^(Larousse)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[beau-père]]

+ * [[grand-père]]

+ * [[pépère]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[mère]]

+ * [[paternel]]

+ * [[patrie]]

+ * [[parrain]]

+ * [[la|pater]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}