Etymology and origin of the Portuguese word porque
- Confidence
- Established
- Formation
- Compound
- First attested
- 1257 a charter, spelt por que More words from the 13th century
- Ultimate origins
- Proto-Italic *por-Portuguese que
Etymology tree
Pronunciation
Etymology
It is formed from Portuguese por + que, the preposition and the conjunction written as one word, written Old Galician-Portuguese porque in the oldest texts.[2][3][4][1] Wiktionary calls it a univerbation and a doublet of the phrase por que.[1]
It is cognate with Galician porque, Spanish porque, Catalan perquè, French parce que and Italian perché.[1]
Earliest recorded meaning
Houaiss dates the conjunction to the 13th century from Cunha's medieval slips, and Cunha gives the same century.[2][3] A charter of 1257 has e por que essa Maor Rodriguiz “and because this Maor Rodriguiz”.[5] In the Cancioneiro da Ajuda it means “since, as”, sometimes doubled by por esso or por ende in the same sentence, and the Cantigas de Santa Maria use it as a causal conjunction, as a final one with the subjunctive, and as an interrogative “why”: De mi porqué te partiste? “why did you leave me?”.[5]
Semantic evolution
From the 14th century on the word is common in prose: the Corpus de Textos Antigos has it 655 times in 23 texts, from the Trasladação de S. Nicolau on.[6] It also became a noun meaning “reason, cause”: Viterbo cites sem porque “without cause” from the Ordenações Afonsinas, and Morais in 1789 has os porquês “the reasons” and records the Porquês, a satirical poem whose verses all began with the word.[7][8]
Cardoso (1569) glosses it with Latin quia and cur, “because” and “why”, and Bluteau illustrates the question porque razão? “for what reason?”.[9][10] The final sense “so that” is now rare.[2][11]
Timeline
- 1257 – por que “because” in a charter.[5]
- 13th century – the Cantigas de Santa Maria and the Cancioneiro da Ajuda use the conjunction.[5][3]
- 14th century – the Trasladação de S. Nicolau (witness of 1301–1400) has porque.[6]
- 15th century – Houaiss's first record of the spelling porque.[2]
- 1569 – Cardoso lists porque with Latin quia and cur.[9]
- 1789 – Morais records os porquês “the reasons”.[8]
- 1912 – Silva Bastos notes that alone or at the end of a phrase it is pronounced porquê.[12]
Meanings
Conjunction
- because: introduces the cause or reason of what the main clause says: Fiquei em casa porque chovia.[2][13][1]
- for, since: links two coordinate clauses, the second explaining or justifying the first: Vai-te deitar, porque amanhã acordas cedo.[2][11][1]
- (rare) So that, in order that, with the subjunctive.[2][11][14]
Adverb
- (Portugal) why, for what reason, in direct and indirect questions: Porque não telefonaste?[15][16][1]
Word family
- porque sim
Related words
- porquê
- por que
- porquanto
- Spanish porque
Usage notes
Portugal and Brazil write the interrogative differently: in Portugal porque is also the interrogative adverb (Porque saíste?), while Brazilian usage writes the question as two words, por que, and por quê at the end of a sentence.[15][1] Wiktionary notes that porque was the Brazilian spelling of the interrogative until 1943.[15][1] The noun “reason” is spelt porquê in both countries.[13][11][1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b c Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. porque
- ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b c d Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. porque
- ^ Viterbo, Joaquim de Santa Rosa de (1798–1799), Elucidario das palavras, termos e frases que em Portugal antiguamente se usárão, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 228
- ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 220
- ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. porque
- ^ Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b c d Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. porque
- ^ Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. porque
- ^ Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. porque
- ^ a b c Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. porque
- ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. porque
Cite this entry
“Porque.” Etymologically, 15 Nov. 2026, etymologically.com/pt/porque. Accessed 16 Nov. 2026.
Last edited on . ·