planeta

Forms

planeta m (plural planetas)^[1] 15th-century texts also write preneta and pranetas, and perneta is recorded between 1450 and 1516.^[2] Nascentes quotes praneta from the Inéditos de Alcobaça.^[3]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Latin planēta (“planet”), from Ancient Greek πλανήτης (planḗtēs, “wanderer”), from πλανάω (planáō, “to wander, stray”).^[2][4][5][1] Houaiss calls the Latin word Late Latin and also names πλάνης (plánēs), the form the OLD equates with it; the Greek name meant “wandering stars”, so called because the planets move against the fixed stars.^[2][6][5][7] Nascentes calls it a learned word, and Wiktionary a learned borrowing already in the old language, Old Galician-Portuguese planeta.^[5][1] The origin of the Greek verb is unknown.^[1]

The same Latin word is Galician planeta, Spanish planeta, first recorded about 1250, and French planète, recorded from 1119.^[8][7][9] The noun is masculine in Greek and in classical Latin, but feminine in Isidore; it was feminine in Old Galician-Portuguese and Old Spanish as well, and became masculine again in the modern literary language.^[3][7]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the word to the 13th century, from a cancioneiro.^[2] In a cantiga of Estevan da Guarda, Martin Vaasquez loses faith in astrology polo grand'engano / dos planetas “through the great deceit of the planets”, and the same poem says that as planetas drove him mad, with the noun in both genders.^[10][11] The Crónica Troiana speaks of the stars et as planetas that revolve and shine.^[11]

Semantic evolution

In the Middle Ages the planets were above all the bodies of astrology, believed to rule a person's fate: Nascentes quotes as pranetas lho outorgarom from the Leal Conselheiro, and Aulete still records ter nascido debaixo de bom planeta “to have been born under a good planet”, to be lucky in everything, an allusion to that belief.^[3][12] Vieira quotes Garcia de Resende on the seven jousters of Duke Manuel, who came “with the seven planets”.^[13]

Morais's dictionary of 1813 defines the planet as a body that shines only by the light of the Sun, distinguishes superior and inferior planets, and lists the chasuble as a figurative sense.^[14] In the modern language o planeta is also the Earth.^[2][15] Dialect surveys in Brazil have recorded the word for a shooting star.^[16]

Timeline

• 13th century – first record, in a cancioneiro.^[2]
• 1300 – first record of the Old Galician-Portuguese word according to Wiktionary.^[1]
• 15th century – the spellings preneta and pranetas.^[2]
• 1450–1516 – the form perneta.^[2]
• 1611 – Barbosa renders Planeta by Latin planeta and sidus.^[17]
• 1755 – Folqman enters the word as masculine.^[18]
• 1813 – Morais adds the chasuble as a figurative sense.^[14]
• 1899 – Figueiredo's dictionary has the feminine planeta “chasuble”.^[2]

Meanings

Noun

1. (astronomy) A planet, a body without light of its own that orbits a star.^{[2][4][15][1]}
2. o planeta: the Earth, the planet we live on.^[2][15][19]
3. (astrology, dated) A planet as the ruler of a person's fate.^[12]
4. (Brazil, regional) A shooting star.^[16]

Word family

• planetário
• interplanetário
• planetoide

Related words

• Latin planēta
• Spanish planeta

Usage notes

Houaiss, Aurélio and Priberam record a feminine planeta, pronounced with open /ɛ/, for the chasuble of a priest; it is from Ecclesiastical Latin planeta, probably, Houaiss suggests, by association with the planet, as the vestment could turn around the person who wears it.^[2][15][19] Houaiss dates it to Figueiredo's dictionary of 1899, though Morais had already listed it in 1813, and Medieval Latin used the word for a rain cloak worn by laymen and for the chasuble.^[2][14][20]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. planeta
3. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 403
4. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. planeta
5. ^ a b c Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. planeta
6. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. planēta
7. ^ a b c Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 572
8. ^ Estraviz, Isaac Alonso, Dicionário Estraviz, https://estraviz.org, p. s.v. planeta
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. planète
10. ^ Universo Cantigas: Glosario da poesía medieval profana galego-portuguesa, A Coruña: Instituto da Lingua e Literatura (ILLA), Universidade da Coruña, https://www.universocantigas.gal, p. s.v. planeta
11. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. planeta
12. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. planeta
13. ^ Vieira, Frei Domingos (1871–1874), Grande Diccionario Portuguez ou Thesouro da lingua portugueza, 5 vols., Porto: Ernesto Chardron e Bartholomeu H. de Moraes, p. 4, 812
14. ^ a b c Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 457
15. ^ a b c d Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. planeta
16. ^ a b Instituto da Lingua Galega, Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (TLPGP), Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/tesouro, p. s.v. planeta
17. ^ Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. planeta
18. ^ Folqman, Carlos (1755), Diccionario portuguez, e latino, Lisboa: Régia Officina Silviana (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. planeta
19. ^ a b Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. planeta
20. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. planeta