painel

Forms

painel m (plural painéis)^[1]

Etymology

It is most probably borrowed from Spanish painel, a variant of panel, as Houaiss, Cunha, Nascentes and Aurélio hold.^[2][3][4][5] Houaiss traces the Spanish word to the dialectal French paniel, panel (recorded in 1155, today French panneau), from Vulgar Latin *pannellus, through Latin pannulus, a diminutive of pannus (“cloth; garment”).^[2] Corominas explains the Spanish diphthong as a transposition in the dialectal French forms, such as paniaus.^[6] Wiktionary and the DLP instead take the Portuguese word straight from the Old French word, and the REW lists it among the outcomes of the Vulgar Latin word with the sense “door panel”.^[1][7][8] Older scholars saw a derivative of pano: Adolfo Coelho derived it from that word, according to Nascentes, and Silva Bastos explained it as ⟨pannel⟩, from ⟨panno⟩, the old spellings.^[9][10]

The sense “panel discussion” was taken from English: Houaiss dates it to about 1938 and derives it from panel discussion, and Aurélio and the DLP name panel as its source.^[2][5][7] The English noun is itself a borrowing of the Old French word, and it was in English that it came to mean a group of jurors and then any selected group of people.^[11]

De Vaan compares the Latin noun with πῆνος (pênos, “woven cloth”) and 𐍆𐌰𐌽𐌰 (fana, “piece of cloth”), but finds that the variation in vowel and consonant length rules out a common Indo-European form, so that they may all be loans from an unknown source.^[12][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss dates the first record to 1600, and Cunha puts the word in the 16th century with the sense “oil painting, picture”.^[2][3] The early dictionaries agree: Pereira (1697) translates it with Latin tabula and tabella, and Bluteau (1712) defines it as a painting in oil or tempera on cloth, wood or copper.^[13][14]

Semantic evolution

Bluteau also mentions the votive pictures hung in churches and the framed painting.^[14] By 1813 Morais adds the stone that masons set over a door, the shelf on which some craftsmen keep their tools and the painted board of a coach.^[15] The 19th-century dictionaries record the architectural and woodwork senses (the framed panel of a door or window, a framed relief), the outer plate of a lock and the set of cloths that make up a sail, and figuratively a scene or spectacle.^[16][10][17]

In the 20th century the word was applied to the board that holds the instruments and controls of a vehicle or machine, to partitions in exhibition rooms and to large advertising boards.^[2][16] From about 1938 it also took the English senses of a group of people debating a subject in public, then a broad survey of a topic and, in market research, a sample group of consumers.^[2][7] Silva Bastos records a popular sense “simpleton”.^[10]

Timeline

• 1600 – Houaiss's first date for the word.^[2] Cunha places it in the 16th century.^[3]
• 1611 – the Spanish form panel is first recorded.^[2][6]
• 1671 – first record of the derivative apainelado.^[3]
• 1697 – Pereira glosses painel with Latin tabula.^[13]
• 1712 – Bluteau defines it as a painting in oil or tempera on cloth, board or copper.^[14]
• 1813 – Morais adds the masons' stone over a door, a tool shelf and the painted board of a coach.^[15]
• c. 1938 – the sense “panel discussion”, from English.^[2]

Meanings

Noun

1. A painting done on canvas, wood or another support; a picture (quadro).^[2][5][17]
2. Any artistic or decorative work covering a wall or part of one, such as a mural or a tile panel: um painel de azulejos na estação.^[2][5]
3. A framed, sunken or raised section of a door, window or piece of furniture.^[2][5]
4. (architecture) A relief in the shape of a frame on a flat surface.^[2][5]
5. A fixed or movable partition used in museums and exhibition rooms.^[2][5]
6. The outer plate of a lock.^[2][18]
7. The board holding the instruments and controls of a vehicle, machine or installation; a dashboard, a control panel.^[2][1]
8. A board for hanging keys or tools; a shelf on which certain workmen keep their tools.^[2][17]
9. (figurative) A series of scenes that catch the eye; a view, a spectacle.^[2][17]
10. (nautical) The set of cloths that make up a ship's sail.^[2][17]
11. (advertising) A large display board for outdoor advertising, a billboard.^[2][18]
12. A group of people, often specialists, who discuss a subject in public; a panel, a panel discussion.^[2][5][7][1]
13. (figurative) A broad picture or survey of a subject: um painel da música brasileira.^[2][16]
14. (marketing) A sample group of people whose opinions and habits are studied in market research.^[2][7]

Word family

• apainelar
• apainelado

Related words

• pano
• Latin pannus
• Spanish panel
• French panneau

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. painel
3. ^ a b c d Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. painel
4. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. painel
5. ^ a b c d e f g h Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. painel
6. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 380
7. ^ a b c d e Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. painel
8. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 6200
9. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1955), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, vol. 1: Nomes comuns, Rio de Janeiro (1st ed. 1932, preface by W. Meyer-Lübke), p. 373
10. ^ a b c Silva Bastos, José Timóteo da (1912), Diccionario etymologico, prosodico e orthographico da lingua portugueza, Lisboa: Parceria António Maria Pereira, p. s.v. painel
11. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. panel
12. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
13. ^ a b Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. painel
14. ^ a b c Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. painel
15. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 383
16. ^ a b c Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. painel
17. ^ a b c d e Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. painel
18. ^ a b Michaelis: Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, São Paulo: Melhoramentos (online as Michaelis Dicionário Brasileiro da Língua Portuguesa, https://michaelis.uol.com.br), p. s.v. painel