gozar

Forms

gozar (first-person singular present gozo, first-person singular preterite gozei, past participle gozado)^[1]

Etymology

Houaiss forms it from Portuguese gozo + -ar, and notes that Machado and Nascentes allow for the influence of Spanish gozar.^[2] Nascentes and Aurélio take the verb straight from Spanish, and Wiktionary from Old Spanish gozar.^[3][4][1] The noun gozo is from Spanish gozo (“pleasure”), recorded in Spanish in 1140, from Latin gaudium (“joy”).^[5]

The DDGM's glossary of Rianjo calls the verb a Castilianism: Latin /dj/ after the diphthong /au/ regularly became /z/ in Spanish.^[6][7] The native Galician-Portuguese outcome of the Latin noun was Old Galician-Portuguese goyo “joy”, as in the Cantigas de Santa Maria, and Old Galician-Portuguese goivo, which survives as goivo, the name of a flower.^[8][9][10] Spanish has the verb from 1220–1250.^[11]

The Latin noun is formed gaudeō (“to rejoice”) with the suffix -ium.^[12][1] It also gave Catalan goig, Old French joie and Old Occitan gaug.^[10]

Earliest recorded meaning

Houaiss and Cunha date the verb to the 14th century.^[2][13] Lorenzo quotes the Galician General Estoria: nõ gozes tu de teus fillos, que nõ gozo eu de ti “may you not enjoy your children, as I do not enjoy you”, and a ploughman who would reap fruit donde gozase “that he might enjoy”.^[6] The sense is to have the use and benefit of something.^[6]

Semantic evolution

Cardoso (1569) and Pereira (1697) translate it with the Latin fruor (“to enjoy”).^[14][15] Bluteau (1712–1728) gives “to obtain, to possess”, with examples such as enjoying a kingdom for seven years.^[16] Morais (1813) adds the legal use, enjoying a right, and the sexual one.^[17]

In Brazil the verb took the senses “to make fun of, to mock” and “to reach orgasm”.^[2][18] Houaiss marks both as Brazilian, though Porto Editora gives the mocking sense for Portugal too.^[2][18] Caldas Aulete already records the Brazilian gozar “to laugh at”.^[19]

Timeline

• 14th century – first record.^[2][13]
• 1513 – the Livro dos Mártires uses the verb.^[20]
• 1561 – gozẽ in a private letter.^[21]
• 1569 – Cardoso translates it with Latin fruor.^[14]
• 1712 – Bluteau defines it as “to obtain, to possess”.^[16]
• 1813 – Morais records the legal and sexual senses.^[17]

Meanings

Verb

1. To enjoy, to have the use of something pleasant or useful: Vou gozar as férias na praia.^[2][1]
2. To enjoy, to have (good health, a good name, an advantage), often with de.^[2][19][1]
3. To delight in: gozava a companhia dos amigos.^[2]
4. (intransitive) To enjoy oneself, to have a good time.^[2][22][1]
5. To make fun of, to mock, often with com.^[2][18][1]
6. (intransitive, Brazil) To reach orgasm (orgasmo).^[2][1]
7. (law) To enjoy the fruits or income of a property.^[2]

Word family

• gozação
• gozador

Related words

• gozo
• goivo
• Latin gaudium
• Spanish gozar

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. gozar
3. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. gozar
4. ^ Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. gozar
5. ^ Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. gozo
6. ^ a b c Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. gozar
7. ^ Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 3, 185
8. ^ Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. gozo
9. ^ García de Diego, Vicente (1985), Diccionario etimológico español e hispánico, 2nd ed., Madrid: Espasa-Calpe (1st ed. 1954), p. s.v. gaudium
10. ^ a b Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter, p. 3705
11. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. gozo
12. ^ Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. s.v. gaudium
13. ^ a b Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. gozar
14. ^ a b Cardoso, Jerónimo (1569–1570), Dictionarium ex lusitanico in latinum sermonem, Lisboa: João Álvares (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. gozar
15. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. gozar
16. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. gozar
17. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1813), Diccionario da lingua portugueza, 2nd ed., 2 vols., Lisboa: Typographia Lacerdina, p. 2, 94
18. ^ a b c Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 4750
19. ^ a b Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. gozar
20. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. gozar
21. ^ CLUL (ed.) (2014), P.S. Post Scriptum: Arquivo Digital de Escrita Quotidiana em Portugal e Espanha na Época Moderna, Lisboa: Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, http://ps.clul.ul.pt, p. s.v. gozar
22. ^ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, Lisboa: Priberam Informática, https://dicionario.priberam.org, p. s.v. gozar