Latin words first recorded in the 5th century BC

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *op(i), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁opi (“at, by”). The older form ⟨op-⟩ survives in operiō and oportet, and ⟨obs-⟩ in ostendō and oscen. Cognate with…

It is formed from Latin occidō (“to fall down, set”) + -tus, the noun suffix. The verb is ob- and cadō (“to fall”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *kad-e/o- and perhaps Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin pacīscor (“to make an agreement”), the neuter of its participle used as a noun. De Vaan lists it, with the old verb ⟨pacere⟩ and pāx (“peace”), under Proto-Italic *pāk-…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *parti- (“part”). Its further origin is debated: Schrijver, followed by de Vaan, takes it as a late Italic formation on the present stem of pariō “to bring forth”…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *peri (“through, across”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *péri (“across”). Besides the preposition, Latin has a prefix per- that strengthens adjectives…

It is from Latin per- (“through, to the end”) + ōrō (“to plead, speak”). De Vaan takes ōrō as a verb made from ōs (“mouth”), Proto-Italic *ōs-, against Walde–Hofmann and Ernout–Meillet, and notes…

1. It is inherited from Proto-Italic *poplo- (“army”), whose further origin is unknown. The old meaning “body of armed men” survives in the title magister populī and in the verb populārī “to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *posti (“behind, after”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pósti; the older Latin form ⟨poste⟩ is used by Ennius, Plautus and Terence. Inscriptions also shorten…

It is the old comparative of post (“after, behind”), inherited from Proto-Italic *post-ero- (“later”), from Proto-Indo-European *pos (“after”), extended with ⟨*-ti⟩. Sabellic has matching forms…

It is related to poscō “to demand”, but its formation is not clear. Walde–Hofmann and Meiser derive it from an unattested participle ⟨*posk-to-⟩ of the verb; Leumann and Sihler from a noun…

It is formed from Latin praeeō + -tor, from ⟨*prai-itōr⟩, “one who goes before, leader”. The verb is prae- with eō “to go”, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ey- (“to go”). The Romans saw the same link…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *prō (“before”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *pro (“in front of, before”); Wiktionary takes the long vowel from an instrumental *próh₁. A short ⟨pro-⟩ occurs…

It is from Latin prope (“near”), its superlative, with propior (“nearer”) as its comparative. The OLD analyses it as ⟨*proque⟩ plus the superlative suffix ⟨-simus⟩. De Vaan, following Dunkel, takes…

It is the diminutive from Latin pūpus (“boy, child”) + -illus, through ⟨pūpulus⟩. Augustine already explains it as a diminutive of ⟨pūpus⟩ and ⟨pūpulus⟩.

It is from Latin quī, the relative and interrogative, in the ablative singular feminine. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ⟨quī⟩, from the pronominal stem Proto-Indo-European *kʷos…

It is a compound from Latin quadri- (“four”) + pēs (“foot”). Wiktionary takes it to be inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷetrupōts. Umbrian has the same compound, Umbrian peturpursus (“to quadrupeds”)…

It is the old accusative singular feminine of the relative and interrogative stem (see quī), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷeh₂m, the feminine accusative of *kʷos. The masculine counterpart…

It is formed from Latin quam (“how, as”) and a particle ⟨*dō⟩ “then, until”, also seen in dōnec. Wiktionary traces the second part to Proto-Indo-European *doh₁, an instrumental of ⟨*de⟩. De Vaan…

It is from Latin quandō (“when”) + -que. De Vaan lists it among the words formed with the particle -dam, with ⟨quandō⟩, dōnec (“until”) and dōnicum (“until”), from a demonstrative…

It is from Latin quīnque (“five”) + decem (“ten”). De Vaan traces quīnque to Proto-Italic *kʷenkʷe and Proto-Indo-European *penkʷe (“five”), and decem to Proto-Italic *dekm̥ and Proto-Indo-European…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷis, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kʷís (“who, what; someone”), the interrogative and indefinite stem. The neuter ⟨quid⟩ continues *kʷid; the forms of the…

It is an old case form from Latin quī, the relative and interrogative pronoun. As an adverb of direction (“whither”) it is formed like eō “thither”; as a conjunction (“whereby, so that”) it is the…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *rē-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *Hreh₁-i- (“wealth, goods”), an i-stem whose nominative *reh₁ís would regularly have given *rīs; the Latin paradigm was…

The origin is uncertain. Wiktionary takes it as inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sr̥p- (“to cut off”), with cognates such as Proto-Slavic *sь̃rpъ (“sickle”) and Latvian sirpis. De Vaan suggests a…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sē, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *se (“oneself”). The long vowel comes from the stressed accusative; the old final ⟨-d⟩ (⟨sēd⟩) is the ablative ending…

The OLD calls the origin doubtful. De Vaan derives it inherited from Proto-Italic *seg-et- (“seed, sown land”), from Proto-Indo-European *seg-e/o- (“to adhere, fasten”), cognate with Welsh heu (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sepel-je/o- (“to bury”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sepel-ie/o- (“to honour”). Its closest cognate is Sanskrit सपर्यति (saparyáti, “honours, worships”)…

It is from Latin sēmis (“half”) + tertius (“third”), contracted from ⟨*sēmis-tertius⟩, “the third (unit) half”, that is, two and a half. The OLD compares German drittenhalb. De Vaan traces sēmi- to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sei (“so, thus”), the locative of an old demonstrative *so- (“this, that”), the stem also seen in sīc. It was first used in loosely joined clauses (“in this case…

It is formed from Latin sī + -ve, “or if”. The old spelling is ⟨seive⟩, with old ⟨sei⟩ “if”; ⟨seu⟩ arose by apocope, as neu from nēve.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *sowos, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *sewos (“one's own”), from the reflexive *swé (“self”). De Vaan explains the vowels as *suós remade after the genitive…

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan reports two common proposals, ⟨*ten(d)-slo-⟩ “that with which one aims”, from tendō, and ⟨*teks-lo-⟩ “something built”, from texō “to weave”, and finds neither fully…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tris, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *trís (“thrice”), from the stem of trēs (“three”). The OLD reconstructs ⟨*ters⟩ from ⟨*tris⟩, and Wiktionary an earlier…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *tū, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”). Following Kloekhorst, de Vaan notes that the /i/ of the Anatolian nominative (Hittite zik) is hard to explain…

It is formed from Latin urbs (“city”) + -ānus. The origin of urbs is unclear: de Vaan reports Driessen's view that it first meant an enclosed area for taking the auspices, comparing Umbrian uerfale…

It is from Proto-Italic *kʷutV(s) (“how”), from the PIE interrogative stem Proto-Indo-European *kʷu- (“where, how”), with loss of the labiovelar as in ubi. The ending is uncertain. De Vaan considers…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wesno-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ues-no- (“price”). Kloekhorst, as de Vaan reports, takes the noun to have been originally an n-stem, which would…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wijā- (“road”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wih₁eh₂- (“pursuit”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- (“to strive after, pursue”), which de Vaan also…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wōs (“you”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *uōs, originally the stressed accusative; the old nominative ⟨*iuH(s)⟩ was replaced by it, apparently already in…