Latin words first recorded in the 3rd century BC

It is formed from Latin trāns- (“across”) + iaciō (“to throw”). De Vaan traces ⟨iaciō⟩ to Proto-Italic *jaki- (“to throw”) and Proto-Indo-European *Hih₁-k- (“to throw, let go”), a present of the…

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + fugiō (“to flee”). De Vaan traces fugiō to Proto-Italic *fug-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φεύγω (pheúgō, “to flee”).

It is from Latin trāns- (“across”) + fundō (“to pour”). De Vaan traces fundō to Proto-Italic *χund- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵhu-n-d- (“to pour”). Cognate with Ancient Greek χέω (khéō, “to pour”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τραπητόν (trapētón, “olive mill”), a form the OLD gives as τραπητός (trapētós). The Greek word comes from τραπέω (trapéō, “to tread grapes”). Wiktionary and Köbler…

It is formed from Latin tribus + -nus, from the word for a division of the people, “tribe”; it first meant the head of a tribe. De Vaan, following Weiss, derives tribus from Proto-Italic *triþu-…

It is from Latin trucīdō (“to slaughter”) + -tiō. The verb is obscure. De Vaan files it under trux (“fierce, savage”) and derives it from a compound “hacking savagely” of that adjective with caedō…

It is a diminutive from Latin trua (“ladle”) + -ella. The OLD suggests that ⟨trua⟩ may itself be a back-formation from ⟨trulla⟩, and compares Ancient Greek τορύνη (torúnē, “stirring spoon”)…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τρυτάνη (trutánē, “balance, tongue of a balance”), an early borrowing that shows the weakening of the vowel of the middle syllable.

It is from Latin tuba (“trumpet”) + -cen (“player”), the second part from canō (“to sing, play”). De Vaan thinks tuba, like tībia (“pipe”), points to a non-Indo-European loanword, and traces canō to…

It is from Latin tumeō (“to swell”) + -or. De Vaan traces tumeō to Proto-Italic *tum-ē- and Proto-Indo-European *tum-eh₁- (“to be swelling”), comparing Middle Welsh tyfu (“to grow”) and Sanskrit…

It is from Latin tumultuōsus (“full of commotion, turbulent”) + -ē, the adverb of the adjective.

The origin is uncertain. The OLD compares Old English þrymm (“multitude, host”) and thinks it may ultimately be related to turba (“crowd, uproar”); de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ⟨turba⟩…

The origin is doubtful. Georges suggests that it stands for ⟨terenda⟩ “something to be rubbed”, from terō (“to rub, grind”), and Köbler also refers it to that verb.

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *elmos, through ⟨*olmos⟩. Cognate with Old Irish lem (“elm”), Russian ильм (ilʹm, “wych elm”), Old Norse almr (“elm”) and English elm. Wiktionary reconstructs…

It is probably from Latin ultrā (“on the far side, beyond”), made from it on the model of cis (“on this side”) beside citrā; de Vaan, following Leumann, considers the rare preposition probably not…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD tentatively compares alga (“seaweed”); Wiktionary suggests Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to grow”), and Köbler, with a question mark, Pokorny's root…

It is from Latin umbra (“shade, shadow”) + -ōsus. The noun umbra is generally connected with Lithuanian ùnksna (“shade”) and taken back to Proto-Italic *unksrā-, but de Vaan notes that no root…

It is from Latin ūmeō (“to be wet”) + -tus. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ūmeō and reconstructs Proto-Italic *ūmo- (“wet”) and Proto-Indo-European *uh₁-mo- (“wet”). The older handbooks…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *ongʷn̥ (“ointment”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷen- (“fat, butter”), from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ- (“to anoint”). De Vaan reconstructs…

It is from Latin unguentum (“ointment”) + -ārius. unguentum comes from unguō (“to anoint”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *ongw-e- and Proto-Indo-European *h3engw-e/o- (“to anoint”). Cognate…

It is formed from Latin vas (“surety, bail”) + -mōnium. De Vaan derives ⟨vas⟩ from Proto-Italic *woss and Proto-Indo-European *uodʰ-s (“one who leads the defendant to court”), cognate with…

The OLD derives it from Latin vehō (“to carry”). De Vaan connects it with an older noun ⟨*wekti-⟩ “levy, yield”, which he finds in vectīgal and which was later renewed as ⟨vectis⟩ “bar, lever”; it…

There is no agreed etymology. De Vaan sets up Proto-Italic *wes-no/ā- (“blood-vessel”) and Proto-Indo-European *ues-no- (“of blood”), connecting it with Avestan vohuna- (“blood”) and perhaps…

It is from Latin ventus (“wind”) + -ōsus. The noun ventus goes back to Proto-Italic *wē̆nto- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂weh₁-nt-o- (“wind”), from the old present participle of Proto-Indo-European…

The origin is unknown. Pokorny tentatively derives it from Proto-Indo-European *u̯erp- (“to turn, wind”), by dissimilation of an earlier *vreprēs, and compares Ancient Greek ῥῶπες (rhôpes, “twigs…

The origin is uncertain. It is perhaps from Latin vērus (“true”), through a verb ⟨vērō⟩ “to speak the truth” with the suffix ⟨-trum⟩; de Vaan lists it among the words formed from ⟨vērus⟩ but calls…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wormi- (“snake, worm”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *u̯r̥mi- (“snake, worm”). Cognate with Old English wyrm, Old Norse ormr and Old High German wurm…

It is probably from Latin vetus (“old”) + -īnus. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *wetes-ino- (“old”), beside *wetos- (“year”), from Proto-Indo-European *uet-os- (“year”). He reports Adams's…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *wikiā. De Vaan explains it as a “winding plant” and suggests that it continues the root of vinciō (“to bind”) without its nasal, *uik-; Etymonline and the OLD also…

It is from Latin vīcīnus (“neighbouring”) + -tās, and vīcīnus is formed from vīcus (“village, quarter”). De Vaan traces vīcus to Proto-Italic *weik-o- (“settlement”) and Proto-Indo-European *ueiḱ-…

It is formed from Latin victōria + -ōsus. victōria (“victory”) comes from victor (“conqueror”), from vincō (“to conquer”), which de Vaan derives from a Proto-Italic verb meaning “to tie, bind”.

It is from Latin vieō (“to plait, weave”) + -men. De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *weimn- (“branch for plaiting”) and Proto-Indo-European *ueh₁i-mn̥ (“plaiting”), beside the verb *wijeje/o- (“to…

It is from Latin vīnum (“wine”) + -āceus. Vīnum goes back to Proto-Italic *wīno- and Proto-Indo-European *ueih1-(ō)n (“vine; wine”), an n-stem that de Vaan, following Beekes, takes from the root “to…

It is from Latin vīnum (“wine”) + -ētum. De Vaan traces vīnum to Proto-Italic *wīno- and an n-stem Proto-Indo-European *ueih1-(ō)n (“vine; wine”), perhaps from a root “to weave, wrap”, the vine…

The OLD calls it probably cognate with Ancient Greek ἴον (íon, “violet”), earlier with initial ⟨ϝ⟩. Wiktionary and Etymonline think both probably come from a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean…

It is from Latin virga (“twig, rod”) + -eus. De Vaan finds the origin of the noun uncertain: it may go back to Proto-Italic *wizg- and Proto-Indo-European *uis-g-, a root seen in other words for…

It is probably inherited from Proto-Italic *woɣʷsmi-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *wogʷʰ-ni- (“coulter, ploughshare”), though de Vaan marks both reconstructions as uncertain. Cognate with…

It is from Latin āter (“black”) + -ātus, formed as if from a verb ⟨ātrō⟩, which is not attested. Varro already derived it from āter.

It is from Latin dē- + collum (“neck”), with the verbal ending of the first conjugation.

It is formed from Latin ex- + sanguis (“blood”). De Vaan explains the first part of ⟨sanguis⟩ from the oblique stem of Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésh₂r̥ (“blood”), cognate with Hittite ešḫar (“blood”)…

It is from Latin flammeus (“flame-coloured”), the adjective used as a noun, from flamma (“flame”). De Vaan traces that noun to Proto-Italic *flagma and Proto-Indo-European *bʰlg-mh₂- (“flame”), a…

It is from Latin gladiātor (“gladiator”) + -ius. De Vaan lists gladiātor and gladiātōrius among the derivatives of gladius (“sword”), which he thinks Latin borrowed from Celtic or from a third…

It is from Latin in- (“not”) + litterātus (“lettered, learned”). The adjective is formed from littera (“letter”); de Vaan finds the old derivation of that noun from the root of linō (“to smear”)…

It is formed from Latin innocēns (“harmless, guiltless”) + -ia. The adjective is in- (“not”) with nocēns (“harmful, guilty”), from noceō (“to harm”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *nokeje-…

It is formed from Latin magnificent- + -ia, ⟨magnificent-⟩ being a stem of magnificus (“splendid, grand”). The adjective is from magnus (“great”) and faciō (“to make, do”); magnus goes back to…

It is from Latin palpō (“to stroke, touch softly”) + -bra, with the suffix of instrument nouns. To explain its ⟨e⟩, and that of the verb for “throb”, Leumann (in the TLL) and Serbat (cited by de…

The origin is unknown: de Vaan finds no convincing etymology. Following Nussbaum, he takes the old trisyllabic stem to reflect a stem Proto-Italic *pēlVwi- rather than *pēlwi-. He compares Sanskrit…

It is from Latin putreō (“to be rotten”) + -idus. The verb belongs with puter (“rotten”), which de Vaan traces with pūs (“pus”) to Proto-Indo-European *puH-tro- (“rotten”), though Schrijver…

De Vaan treats the verb as the base of rabiēs, rabidus and rabiōsus, and gives it as inherited from Proto-Italic *rab- or *raf-. The OLD and VOLI take the opposite view and derive the verb from that…

It is from Latin rūsticus (“of the country, rustic”) + -ānus. Its base is rūs (“the country”).

It is formed from Latin sānus (“healthy, sound”) + -ō, the verb ending. De Vaan traces ⟨sānus⟩ to Proto-Italic *sāno-, and calls the reconstruction Proto-Indo-European *seh₂-no- purely mechanical…

Its origin is unclear. The OLD thinks it perhaps a foreign loanword, but notes that it was associated early with tegō “to cover”, as the jurist Pomponius does. Lewis & Short derive it from that…

It is from Latin uterque (“each of two, both”), formed with the adverbial suffix -ō. Köbler refers it to utrō.

De Vaan, following Schrijver, derives it from ⟨*alto-⟩ “fed”, an old participle from Latin adoleō (“to burn as an offering”), with the suffix -ālis dissimilated to -āris after the ⟨l⟩ of the root…

It is from Latin alter (“the other (of two)”); Wiktionary analyses it as that word with the verbal suffix -icō. The TLL thinks it more likely to come from alternus (“alternate”), through an assumed…

It is from Latin alō (“to nourish, rear”) + -trīx, the feminine counterpart of altor (“nourisher”). De Vaan traces alō to Proto-Italic *ale/o- (“to feed”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-e/o-, with a…

It is formed from Latin āmēns (“out of one's mind”) + -ia; the adjective is ā- (“away from”) and mēns (“mind”). De Vaan derives ⟨mēns⟩ from Proto-Italic *mn̥ti- and Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-ti-…

It is from Latin amplus (“large, ample”) + -ficō, with the combining form of faciō (“to make”). De Vaan derives amplus from Proto-Italic *am-lo- (“seizable”) and the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃mh₃-…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek αὐλή (aulḗ, “courtyard, hall”). Köbler links the Greek word to a root Proto-Indo-European *au̯es- (“to spend the night”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *aksi- (“axle”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱs-(i-) (“axle, armpit”). Cognate with Welsh echel (“axle”), Sanskrit अक्ष (ákṣa, “axle”), Ancient Greek…