Latin words first recorded in the 2nd century BC

It is from Latin agō (“to drive, set in motion”) + -ilis. De Vaan lists it, dated from Sisenna, among the derivatives of agō, which he traces to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin albus (“white”) + -eō, a stative verb. De Vaan traces albus to Proto-Italic *alfo- (“white”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂elbʰ-o- (“white”); Paul the Deacon's Festus reports that the…

It is formed from Latin bi- (“two”) + rēmus (“oar”) + -is, the adjective ending. De Vaan traces rēmus to Proto-Italic *rē(s)mo- (“oar”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁reh₁-(s)mo- (“oar”). Cognate with…

It is borrowed from Gaulish *karros (“wagon”), from Proto-Celtic *karros, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱr̥sós, the zero grade of the root Proto-Indo-European *ḱers- (“to run”) that also produced the…

It is from Latin con- + globō (“to make into a ball”), from globus (“ball, mass”). De Vaan thinks globus is probably a loanword, related to glēba (“clod”), whose only likely cognates are Baltic…

It is formed from Latin ērumpō (“to break out”) + -tiō. The verb is ex- (“out”) and rumpō (“to break”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *ru-n-p- (“to break”) and the nasal present…

It is formed from Latin excūsō (“to excuse”) + -tiō. ⟨Excūsō⟩ is ex- (“out of”) and causa (“cause, case”); de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ⟨causa⟩, whose origin is unclear: Walde–Hofmann…

It is formed from Latin ex- + hauriō (“to draw (water)”). De Vaan traces ⟨hauriō⟩ to Proto-Italic *aus-je- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eus-ie/o- (“to scoop”), cognate with Old Norse ausa (“to scoop”)…

It is from Latin ex- + inānis (“empty”) + -iō, or ex- with ināniō (“to empty”). De Vaan finds no certain etymology for inānis.

It is from Latin frangō (“to break”) + -men. De Vaan traces the verb to Proto-Italic *frang- and the nasal present Proto-Indo-European *bhr-n-ǵ- (“to break”), comparing Old High German brehhan (“to…

It is from Latin intercēdō (“to come between, intervene”) + -tiō. De Vaan lists it under cēdō “to go, give way”, which he traces, after Lubotsky, to Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to go away, avoid”) and…

It is from Latin māchinor (“to devise, contrive”) + -mentum, and that verb is made from māchina (“machine, contrivance”). Wiktionary takes māchina as a very early borrowing from Ancient Greek μαχανά…

It is from Latin malleus (“hammer, mallet”) + -olus, a diminutive. malleus goes back to Proto-Italic *molalo- (“hammer”) and Proto-Indo-European *molH-lo- (“crushing instrument”), probably from the…

It is formed from Latin mūniō (“to fortify”) + -tiō, a noun of action. De Vaan derives mūniō, older ⟨moeniō⟩, from moenia (“defensive walls”), from Proto-Italic *moini- (“protective wall”), perhaps…

It is from Latin per- + fugiō (“to flee”). De Vaan traces ⟨fugiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *fug-i- (“to flee”) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰug-i- (“to flee”), cognate with Ancient Greek φεύγω (pheúgō, “to…

It is formed from Latin sagitta (“arrow”) + -ārius, first as an adjective “of arrows”, then as a noun “archer”. De Vaan finds no etymology for ⟨sagitta⟩, which Etymonline calls probably a pre-Latin…

It is formed from Latin sōbrius (“sober, not drunk”) + -tās. De Vaan takes sōbrius to continue, probably, the negating prefix sē- with the preform of ēbrius “drunk”, but he notes that the long ⟨ō⟩…

It is from Latin suffrāgium (“vote, support”), under which de Vaan lists it; the OLD calls it of doubtful origin and sets it against its opposite refrāgor (“to oppose”). De Vaan assumes a verb or…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τράγος (trágos, “he-goat”). The Greek word also meant the smell of a he-goat, a fish (the male μαινίς (mainís)) and several plants, spelt among them.

It is formed from Latin vēlōx (“swift”) + -tās. Etymonline calls the adjective of uncertain origin; de Vaan suggests it meant “wind-like”, from a noun ⟨*vē-lo-⟩ “wind”, Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin cerebrum (“brain”) + -lum, a diminutive; the grammarian Priscian notes that nouns in ⟨-rum⟩ form diminutives in ⟨-ellum⟩. The base goes back to Proto-Italic *kerasro- and…

It is from Latin cēra (“wax”) + -eus. De Vaan thinks cēra probably a loanword from an unknown language, or borrowed directly from Ancient Greek κηρός (kērós, “wax”).

It is from Latin clausus (“shut, closed”), its feminine, ⟨clausus⟩ being the perfect passive participle of claudō (“to shut”), used as a noun for a closed part of the house.

1. The verb meaning “lure” is from Latin dē- + laciō (“to entice”). De Vaan reconstructs the base as Proto-Italic *lak-i- (“to draw, pull”), and doubts its traditional link with laqueus “noose”…

It is from Latin dē- + suēscō (“to become accustomed”). De Vaan derives the simple verb from Proto-Italic *swē(þ)-sk-e/o-, an inchoative built on Proto-Indo-European *sue(h1-)dhh1- (“to make one's…

It is from Latin fēmina (“woman”) + -īnus. The noun goes back to Proto-Italic *fēmanā and Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-mh₁n-h₂- (“the one nursing”), an old middle participle of Proto-Indo-European…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἑρμαφρόδιτος (hermaphróditos, “hermaphrodite”), originally the name of Hermaphroditus, son of Ἑρμῆς (Hermês) and Ἀφροδίτη (Aphrodítē), whose name joins those of his…

The origin is uncertain. The OLD's tentative analysis is from Latin Māia + -ālis, a victim offered to the goddess Maia, which was already the ancient explanation: Varro and others derived it from…

1. The bridegroom is from Latin spondeō (“to pledge, promise solemnly”): its perfect passive participle, “betrothed”, used as a noun. De Vaan reconstructs that verb as Proto-Italic *spondeje/o- (“to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek συνθετικός (sunthetikós, “skilled in putting together”). Köbler connects it with synthesis.

It is probably from Latin teneō (“to hold”): de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that verb, while the OLD tentatively connects it with tendō (“to stretch”). Wiktionary reconstructs…

It is from Latin cīvis (“citizen”) + -ilis. De Vaan, following Vine, suggests that cīvis was first an abstract noun “society”, which would explain why civilis means “of the civic order” rather than…

It is formed from Latin sextus (“sixth”) + -īlis, from its place as the sixth month of the old Roman year, which was counted from March, so that it became the eighth month of the later calendar…

It is from Latin absolvō (“to release; to complete”), its past participle, used as an adjective. absolvō is from ab- and solvō (“to loosen”), which de Vaan explains as a compound of sē- (“away”) and…

It is from Latin accūsō (“to accuse”) + -īvus. As a grammatical term it renders Ancient Greek αἰτιατική (aitiatikḗ); Wiktionary calls it a mistaken calque, since the Greek word does not mean…

It is from Latin ad- + aperiō (“to open, uncover”). Lewis and Short take the prefix as intensive. De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *ap-wer-je- (“to open”), from Proto-Indo-European…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin adumbrō (“to sketch in outline; to shade”). That verb is made from ad- and umbrō (“to shade”), a verb from umbra (“shade, shadow”). De Vaan…

It is from Latin adveniō (“to arrive”) + -īcius, built on the stem of adventus (“arrival”). adveniō is a compound of ad- and veniō (“to come”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *gwn-je/o- (“to…

It is from Latin aes (“copper, bronze”) + -eus.

It is from Latin aestus (“heat, tide”) + -ārium. De Vaan traces aestus to Proto-Italic *aissu- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eidʰ-tu- (“burning, heat”). Isidore of Seville also derives it from the tide.

It is formed from Latin ad- (“to, towards”) + flō (“to blow”). De Vaan traces flō to Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”) (zero grade *bʰlh₁-), with a question mark.

1. The sacrificial victim is a word of the old Roman cult, of uncertain origin. It is perhaps from Latin agō (“to drive, do”), through agōnium, as Köbler and Wiktionary hold; the TLL connects the…

It is from Latin ali- (“other”) + ubī (“where”), with the stem of alius “other”. De Vaan takes the stem ⟨ali-⟩ of such words as alicubī as cut down from alius, which goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin amārus (“bitter”) + -tūdō. De Vaan finds the origin of amārus uncertain; he thinks a link with Sanskrit अम्ल (amlá-, “sour”) and Old Norse apr (“sharp, cold”) more convincing in…

It is the fuller form of amb-, inherited from Proto-Italic *ambi, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“to, around”); its cognates are listed there. In compounds with nouns and adjectives it…

It is from Latin ambulō (“to walk”) + -tiō. De Vaan explains that verb from ambi- (“around”) and a present ⟨*ala-⟩, from Proto-Italic *ala- (“to wander”) and Proto-Indo-European *h2elh2- (“to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀμφίβιος (amphíbios, “living a double life”). The Greek adjective is a compound of ἀμφί (amphí, “on both sides”) and βίος (bíos, “life”).

The origin is uncertain. The OLD suggests, with a “perhaps”, that it is from Latin amylum (“starch”) with the suffix -ētum; Wiktionary reports Watkins's view that it first meant a medicine…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀναλογία (analogía, “proportion”). The Greek word is formed from ἀνά (aná, “upon, according to”) and λόγος (lógos, “ratio, word, reckoning”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀνάλογος (análogos, “proportionate”). The VOLI instead treats it as formed within Latin from analogia (“proportion, analogy”). English analogue comes from it…

It is from Latin angustus (“narrow”) + -ē. De Vaan traces angustus to Proto-Italic *angosto- and Proto-Indo-European *h2emǵh-os-to- (“characterized by narrowness”), from the root of angō (“to…

It is from Latin animus (“mind; courage, spirit”) + -ōsus. De Vaan traces ⟨animus⟩ to Proto-Italic *anamo- (“breath, spirit”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁-mo- (“breath”), cognate with Oscan…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἀνωμαλία (anōmalía, “unevenness, irregularity”), the noun of ἀνώμαλος (anṓmalos, “uneven”), which is formed from ἀ- (a-, “not”) and ὁμαλός (homalós, “even”).

It is from Latin ante (“before”) + lūx (“light”) + -ānus. Priscian explains it as a compound of lucanus, formed from the word for light. De Vaan traces the noun to Proto-Italic *louk- (“light”) and…

It is formed from Latin ante (“before”) + signum (“standard”) + -ānus, “one who is before the standard”.

It is from Latin aprīcus (“sunny, exposed to the sun”) + -ō, a denominative verb with deponent endings.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan notes that April was the second month of the Roman year and connects it, with hesitation, with ab (“away from”), as *ap(e)rīlis (“the following, the next”), from…

It is a diminutive, from Latin arbor (“tree”) + -cula, built, as Wiktionary notes, on the old stem in /s/ seen in the archaic nominative arbōs. Lewis and Short compare māiusculus beside māior.

The origin is unknown. Lewis and Short connected it with arbor (“tree”), but Köbler, following Walde and Hofmann, finds all attempts at an explanation unsatisfactory, and Wiktionary reports that…

The origin is unknown. Köbler mentions a possible Etruscan origin, but Wiktionary thinks this unlikely, since the early Latins were farmers and the form gives no reason for it; it compares genista…