Latin words first recorded in the 2nd century BC

It is from Latin per- + ager (“field, land”) + -ō. De Vaan traces ager to Proto-Italic *agro- (“field”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-ro- (“uncultivated field, pasture”), derived from the root “to…

It is from Latin perītus (“skilled, experienced”) + -ē. De Vaan places perītus with perīculum (“trial”) under a stem Proto-Italic *per(e)i- (“to experience”).

It is from Latin per- + vādō (“to go”). De Vaan traces vādō to Proto-Italic *wāþe/o- and Proto-Indo-European *weh₂dʰ- (“to advance”), with cognates such as Old High German watan (“to wade”) and Old…

Used as an adjective, it is the past participle from Latin pingō (“to paint”). De Vaan traces pingō to Proto-Italic *ping-e/o- (“to paint”) and Proto-Indo-European *pi-n-ḱ- (“to paint, adorn”), a…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek πόλος (pólos, “axis, pole of the sky”). Köbler connects the Greek word with πέλομαι (pélomai, “to move”) and Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to turn”).

It has no certain etymology. De Vaan rejects the idea that it was borrowed from a Sabellic outcome of Proto-Indo-European *kʷe/o-kʷlo-m (“neck”), since nothing shows it to be a loanword. The TLL…

It is from Latin praecīdō (“to cut off in front, cut short”), its perfect passive participle used as an adjective. The verb is a compound of prae- (“before, in front”) and caedō (“to cut”).

It is from Latin praeter- (“past”) + vehō (“to carry”), mostly used as a deponent, "to be carried past". De Vaan traces vehō to Proto-Italic *weχ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *ueǵʰ-e/o- (“to carry”).

It is from Latin probō (“to approve, test”), its participle, used as an adjective. The verb is from probus (“good, upright”), which de Vaan derives from Proto-Italic *pro-f(w)-o- (“favourable”) and…

It is from Latin profundus (“deep”), its neuter, used as a noun. The adjective is formed from prō (“forth”) and fundus (“bottom”). De Vaan traces ⟨fundus⟩ to Proto-Italic *fundo- and…

It is from Latin prō- + lābor (“to glide, slip”). De Vaan lists lābor and its compounds under labō “to totter”, but doubts that the two stems belong together; Wiktionary suggests Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin radius (“ray; spoke”) + -ātus, as an adjective distinct from the perfect participle of radiō (“to shine”). The origin of radius is unclear; de Vaan finds the old link with…

It is probably from Proto-Italic *re-kwe *pro-kwe (“both backwards and forwards”), a phrase made of re- (“back”) and prō (“forwards”), each followed by ⟨-que⟩ “and”, which became an adjective; this…

It is from Latin resideō (“to remain behind”) + -uus. resideō is a compound of re- and sedeō (“to sit”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sed-ē- (“to be seated”) and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin re- + spargō (“to scatter, sprinkle”). De Vaan traces spargō to Proto-Italic *sparg- and Proto-Indo-European *sp(e)r-g- (“to strew”), comparing Ancient Greek σπείρω (speírō, “to…

It is from Latin re- + supīnus (“lying face upwards”). De Vaan explains supīnus as a simple adjective in ⟨-īnus⟩ that keeps the old meaning “upwards” of the stem of sub (“under”), going back to…

It is from Latin rubeō + -or, from the verb “to be red”. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of ruber (“red”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *ruþro- (“red”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰ-ró-…

It is from Latin scateō (“to gush, bubble”) + -bra, a noun for the place where water gushes. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of scatō (also ⟨scateō⟩), which goes back to Proto-Italic *skat-…

It is formed from Latin silva (“wood, forest”) + -estris. De Vaan finds no etymology for ⟨silva⟩.

It is from Latin sōlus (“alone”) + -tās. The origin of sōlus itself is uncertain.

It is formed from Latin stupidus + -tās.

It is formed from Latin sub (“under”) with the ending seen in praeter and propter. Wiktionary takes its use with the accusative from an adverbial Proto-Indo-European *-teros, and its use with the…

It is from Latin trāiciō (“to throw across, cross”) + -tus. That verb is trāns (“across”) and iaciō (“to throw”); de Vaan derives ⟨iaciō⟩ from Proto-Italic *jak-i- (“to throw”) and the root…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek τρόπαιον (trópaion, “trophy, victory memorial”). Köbler connects the Greek word with τρέπω (trépō, “to turn”), the turning of the enemy to flight. Varro explained…

It is formed from Latin ulcīscor (“to avenge”) + -tor (or its participle ⟨ultus⟩), the agent suffix. De Vaan derives the verb from Proto-Italic *ol-k- (“to destroy, take revenge”), from…

It is from Latin vāstus (“empty, desolate”) + -tās. The adjective vāstus goes back to Proto-Italic *wāsto- and Proto-Indo-European *h₁u(e)h₂-sto-. Cognate with Old Irish fás (“empty”) and Old High…

It is from Latin vorō (“to devour”) + -āx (“inclined to”). De Vaan takes vorō to be probably a verb made from a noun or adjective meaning “food” or “devouring”, comparing Ancient Greek βορά (borá…

Used as an adjective, it is the present participle from Latin ēloquor (“to speak out”). De Vaan traces loquor (“to speak”) to Proto-Italic *tlokʷ-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *tlokʷ- (“to talk”).

It is from Latin antīquus (“ancient”) + -tās. De Vaan explains ⟨antīquus⟩ as Proto-Indo-European *h₂enti-h₃kʷ-o- (“facing the front”), built on ⟨*anti⟩, the old form of ante (“before”), which he…

It is from Latin con- (“with, together”) + fōrmō (“to form, shape”), and fōrmō is from fōrma (“form, shape”). The origin of that noun is unclear; de Vaan thinks it and Ancient Greek μορφή (morphḗ…

It is from Latin con- + quiēscō (“to rest”). De Vaan explains quiēscō as a present built on the perfect ⟨quiēvī⟩, which probably continues a root aorist; the noun quiēs (“rest”) goes back to…

It is from Latin cōnsīdō (“to sit down together”) + -tus, a noun of action. The verb is con- and sīdō (“to sit down”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sizd-e/o- and the reduplicated present…

It is from Latin cōnsulō (“to deliberate, consult”) + -tor. De Vaan traces cōnsulō to Proto-Italic *kom-se/ol-e/o- (“to consult”), from Proto-Indo-European *s(e)lh₁-e/o- (“to take”), cognate with…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κύμβη (kúmbē, “boat”).

It is from Latin dēlēniō (“to soothe down, bewitch”) + -mentum. That verb is a compound of lēniō (“to appease, mitigate”), from lēnis (“soft, mild”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin dominor (“to rule, be master”) + -tus. dominor comes from dominus (“master”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *dom-o/u-no- (“of the house”), from domus (“house”). He reports…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek εὖρος (eûros, “east or south-east wind”). Köbler connects the Greek word with Proto-Indo-European *h₁eus- (“to burn”). Seneca says that the Romans called it…

It is from Latin ex- + plaudō (“to clap”).

It is from Latin firmō (“to strengthen”) + -mentum, that which strengthens or supports. De Vaan traces firmus (“firm”) to Proto-Italic *fermo- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo- (“holding”)…

The origin is unknown. It is often compared with Old High German belihha (“coot”), from Proto-Germanic *bel-ik-, and with a root Proto-Indo-European *bʰelH- (“white”) seen in Lithuanian bãlas…

It is from Latin imbēcillus (“weak, feeble”) + -tās. De Vaan finds no etymology for ⟨imbēcillus⟩: the old explanation “without a walking stick”, after a scholion on Juvenal, makes little sense, and…

It is from Latin iūcundus (“pleasant”) + -tās. De Vaan lists iūcundus among the derivatives of iuvō (“to help, please”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *ijow- and Proto-Indo-European *h₁i-h₁euH-…

It is from Latin lentus (“pliant; slow”) + -ē. De Vaan traces lentus to Proto-Italic *lento- (“soft”) and Proto-Indo-European *lent-o- (“soft, smooth, pliant”). He compares Lithuanian lentà (“board…

It is from Latin malitia (“wickedness, malice”) + -ōsus. De Vaan dates malitia from Plautus among the derivatives of malus (“bad”), which he reconstructs as Proto-Italic *malo- and, following Ernout…

It is a derivative from Proto-Italic *monjo- (“neck”), from Proto-Indo-European *mon-i- (“neck”), with the suffix ⟨-īle⟩. De Vaan notes that it can be formed directly from an i-stem ⟨*moni-⟩ "neck"…

It is from Latin nāvis (“ship”) + -cula, a diminutive. De Vaan traces nāvis to Proto-Italic *nau- and Proto-Indo-European *neh₂-u- (“ship”), probably “the floating one”, from a verb meaning “to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *neptī-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₂nep-t-ih₂ (“female descendant”), the feminine of the word continued in nepōs (“grandson”). Cognate with Old Irish…

It is from Latin pudēns + -ter, from the present participle of pudeō (“to be ashamed”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *pud-ē- (“to be ashamed or shy”) for that verb but finds no secure further…

It is from Latin septem (“seven”), because it was the seventh month of the Roman year, counted from March. The OLD compares the ending with that of December. Wiktionary calls its origin uncertain…

It is from Latin solea (“sandal”) + -ātus, “provided with sandals”. De Vaan lists the base under solum (“ground, sole”).

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σύρμα (súrma, “robe with a train”). Köbler compares the Greek word, with a question mark, with Proto-Indo-European *su̯erbʰ- (“to turn, wipe, sweep”).

It is from Latin vōciferor (“to cry out”) + -tiō. vōciferor goes back to vōx (“voice”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *wōkws and Proto-Indo-European *uōkw-s (“voice”). Cognate with Sanskrit…

It is from Latin candeō (“to shine, glow”) + -ēla. The grammarian Priscian already explains it as formed from the second person ⟨candēs⟩ by dropping the ⟨s⟩. candeō goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin ex- + vinciō (“to bind”). De Vaan traces vinciō to Proto-Italic *wink- (“to tie, bind”) and Proto-Indo-European *ui-n-k-.

It is from Latin dūcō (“to lead”) + -tor. Unlike the other words in ⟨duct-⟩, which are formed from the participle ⟨ductus⟩, it is made directly on the verb. The verb dūcō goes back to Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin amiciō + -tus, from the verb “to throw around oneself, clothe”. Lewis and Short take its original sense to be the throwing of a garment about oneself. De Vaan lists ⟨amiciō⟩ among…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *rougā, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁roug-h₂- (“wrinkle”). De Vaan connects it most readily with ērūgō (“to belch”), since words for wrinkles and creases…

It is formed from Latin aestimō (“to value, assess”) + -tiō. The origin of ⟨aestimō⟩, Old Latin ⟨aestumō⟩, is uncertain: de Vaan finds the old explanation from aes (“bronze”) and a root “to cut”…

It is from Latin praevāricor (“to act in collusion”) + -tiō. praevāricor is a compound of prae- (“before”) and vāricō (“to straddle”), which comes from vārus (“bow-legged”); de Vaan finds no…

It is the adverb in -ē of an adjective ⟨abundus⟩, from Latin abundō (“to overflow, abound”). De Vaan lists ⟨abundō⟩ under unda (“wave”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *udōr (“water”) and…