Etymologically
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victoria

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [wɪkˈtoː.ri.a][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [vikˈtɔː.ri.a][1]

Forms

victōria f (genitive victōriae); first declension[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin victor (“conqueror”) + -ia, from vincō “to conquer”.[2][1] Vincō continues Proto-Italic *winkō, from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to fight, conquer”).[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus uses it of a victory won by one's own strength in battle, and personifies Victory among the gods named in tragedies.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[3] Ennius speaks of deciding a battle de victoriā.[4]

Semantic evolution

It was victory in war and then in any contest, a lawsuit, an election or a debate: Cicero says the untrained judge an orator by the outcome and his win.[2][5] Personified, Victoria was a goddess, and statues of her are mentioned by Livy and Quintilian.[2][5]

Medieval writers used it of military and spiritual victories, as Bede of the Saxons.[6] English victory is recorded around 1300, from Anglo-French and Latin.[7]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it and names the goddess Victoria.[2][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of a win in court.[2][3]
  • c. 1300 – English victory is recorded.[7]

Meanings

Noun

  1. victory in battle or war.[2][4]
  2. (capitalized) The goddess Victory; a statue of her.[2][5]
  3. Victory or success in a legal, political or other contest.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  6. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com