Etymologically
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vernula

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Forms

vernula m (also f) (genitive vernulae); first declension[1][2] Köbler also records the spelling verula.[3]

Etymology

It is from Latin verna (“home-born slave”) + -ula,[1][4][5] a diminutive.[4] The origin of verna itself is unclear;[3][6] Köbler and Wiktionary mention a possible Etruscan source.[3][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is post-Augustan:[4] Köbler records it first in Seneca,[3] and Lewis and Short cite the De providentia for a young slave born in the household.[4]

Semantic evolution

Juvenal, Pliny the Elder and Apuleius use it of a young home-born slave.[4][2] As an adjective it meant “native, home-grown”: Juvenal has it of a fish native to the Tiber, Martial of his own little books, and Rutilius of a bird.[4][5] Petronius has a reading vernula urbanitas for a coarse, saucy wit.[4]

In medieval Latin it meant a servant,[7][8] and religious writers used it for a devoted follower, a servant of God or of a saint.[8]

Timeline

  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of a young home-born slave.[4][3]
  • c. 67–c. 127 AD – Juvenal uses it of a slave and, as an adjective, of a native fish.[4]
  • c. 417 AD – Rutilius uses it of a native bird.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A young slave born in the master's household.[1][4]
  2. (Medieval Latin) A servant; a devoted follower.[7][8]

Adjective

  1. Native, home-grown.[4][5]

References

  1. ^ a b c Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  3. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  6. ^ a b Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  7. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  8. ^ a b c Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press