Etymologically
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trudo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈtruː.doː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈtruː.do][1]

Forms

trūdō (present infinitive trūdere, perfect active trūsī, supine trūsum); third conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *treude/o-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *treud- (“to push, thrust”).[2][1] Cognate with Welsh cythrudd (“to vex”), Lithuanian triū̃sas (“work, effort, pains”), Old Church Slavonic трудъ (trudŭ, “labour, work”), Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌸𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (usþriutan, “to maltreat”) and Old Norse þrjóta (“to lack”).[2][3] De Vaan compares above all the Germanic verb, which points to a thematic verb with e-grade.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Plautus,[2] whose Captivi complains that it is violence to be dragged and pushed at once.[3][4]

Semantic evolution

It means to thrust, push or shove, and of a plant to push out shoots, as Virgil's root that is pushed out of dry wood.[3][4] It is also to drive in a given direction, as Horace's hunter driving boars into the nets.[3] Figuratively it is to force someone into an action or situation: Cicero warns of the lower step of death or slavery into which the gods advise “we should not be thrust”.[3] In Terence one trick drives on another.[3] Church Latin glosses it push, thrust, press, shove.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of being pushed about.[3][6]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence of one trick driving on another.[3][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of being forced into a situation.[3][6]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of a root pushing out shoots.[3][6]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace of boars driven into nets.[3][6]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To thrust, push, shove; of a plant, to push out shoots.[3][4][1]
  2. To drive in a given direction.[3][4]
  3. To force or drive into an action or situation.[3][4]
  4. Of what follows in a sequence, to drive on.[3]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de