Etymologically
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tener

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈtɛ.nɛr][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈtɛː.ner][1]

Forms

tener (feminine tenera, neuter tenerum, comparative tenerior, superlative tenerrimus, adverb tenerē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)[1]

Etymology

Its origin is disputed.[1] De Vaan proposes Proto-Italic *terVno- (“soft”) from Proto-Indo-European *teru-no- (“tender”), with the consonants switched, comparing Sanskrit तरुण (táruṇa, “young, tender”) and Ancient Greek τέρην (térēn, “soft, delicate”).[2][3] The OLD adds Sabine tereno- (“soft”).[3] Lewis & Short, and Wiktionary as an alternative, derive it instead from the root of teneō and tenuis, *ten- “to stretch”.[4][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus.[2][5] In Plautus a lover speaks of soft little bites from tender lips.[3] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant physically soft and delicate, of the body, and then of tender age or young, of animals and plants as well as people.[3] Food was tener when tender, substances when soft or friable, and surfaces such as a couch or grass when yielding.[3]

It survives in French tendre, Spanish tierno and Romanian tânăr “young”, and French tendre gave English tender about 1200.[1][6]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus speaks of tender lips.[3][5]
  • 234–149 BC – Cato tells how to make a cake softer.[3][5]
  • c. 1200 – English tender is recorded.[6]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Soft, tender, delicate.[3]
  2. Young, of tender age.[3]
  3. (of food) Tender.[3]
  4. (of substances) Soft, friable.[3]
  5. (of surfaces) Soft, yielding.[3]

Word family

  • praetener
  • tenellus
  • tenerescō
  • teneritās
  • teneritūdō
  • tenellulus
  • tenerāscō
  • tenerē
  • English tender

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com